Comparative molecular neuroanatomy of mammalian neocortex
... Unlike inhibitory neurons, there had been few good antibodies to classify the excitatory neurons, which resulted in the comment that “chemical diversity of neurons in the neocortex is mainly a feature of the population of nonpyramidal cells.” (DeFelipe 1993). Such situation is rapidly changing with ...
... Unlike inhibitory neurons, there had been few good antibodies to classify the excitatory neurons, which resulted in the comment that “chemical diversity of neurons in the neocortex is mainly a feature of the population of nonpyramidal cells.” (DeFelipe 1993). Such situation is rapidly changing with ...
Time course of the development of motor behaviors in the zebrafish
... 1-Hz stimulation (closed triangles), (c) no stimulation (not shown), (d) 2-Hz stimulation (open triangles), and (e) no stimulation (“post,” closed circles). No difference in contraction frequency between control and stimulated embryos was found until 21 hpf, at which time the stimulations elicited s ...
... 1-Hz stimulation (closed triangles), (c) no stimulation (not shown), (d) 2-Hz stimulation (open triangles), and (e) no stimulation (“post,” closed circles). No difference in contraction frequency between control and stimulated embryos was found until 21 hpf, at which time the stimulations elicited s ...
Synaptic Competition during the Reformation of a Neuromuscular Map
... To determine whether an end plate was multiply innervated by axons from a single ventral root, we reduced and gradually increased the voltage. If a step in the EPP was seen before the maximal EPP size, the end plate was deemed multiply innervated by that ventral root and was no longer studied. The p ...
... To determine whether an end plate was multiply innervated by axons from a single ventral root, we reduced and gradually increased the voltage. If a step in the EPP was seen before the maximal EPP size, the end plate was deemed multiply innervated by that ventral root and was no longer studied. The p ...
Action, time and the basal ganglia - Philosophical Transactions of
... system is converted into a reference signal for the body configuration control system. With integration in the output function of the velocity control system, the velocity error signal is proportional to the rate of change in the body configuration reference. The higher the velocity reference, the f ...
... system is converted into a reference signal for the body configuration control system. With integration in the output function of the velocity control system, the velocity error signal is proportional to the rate of change in the body configuration reference. The higher the velocity reference, the f ...
Slide 1
... Proprioception: sense of position and movement of one’s own limbs wo. Vision (1) static limb position, (2) limb movement (kinesthesia); in muscle and joints ...
... Proprioception: sense of position and movement of one’s own limbs wo. Vision (1) static limb position, (2) limb movement (kinesthesia); in muscle and joints ...
Connectivity and circuitry in a dish versus in a brain
... values together with depolarized RMPs enable AP generation in response to weak membrane currents. Thereby, the electrophysiological profile of immature neurons might function to compensate for the rather low frequencies of synaptic neurotransmission in early developing networks by increasing the cha ...
... values together with depolarized RMPs enable AP generation in response to weak membrane currents. Thereby, the electrophysiological profile of immature neurons might function to compensate for the rather low frequencies of synaptic neurotransmission in early developing networks by increasing the cha ...
Action recognition in the premotor cortex
... discharge began during hand shaping and continued until the hand left the stimulus. No response was present during the phase subsequent to the grip when the tray with the food was moved toward the monkey. The neuron fired again when the monkey grasped the food. In Fig. IB, the same stimulus was gras ...
... discharge began during hand shaping and continued until the hand left the stimulus. No response was present during the phase subsequent to the grip when the tray with the food was moved toward the monkey. The neuron fired again when the monkey grasped the food. In Fig. IB, the same stimulus was gras ...
CONTROL OF MOVEMENT BY THE BRAIN A. PRIMARY MOTOR
... -caudate and putamen neurons then send their axons to ____________________; internal globus pallidus - in turn, GP axons contact the ________________, thalamus (VA/VL) which feedback onto cortex to modulate movement force. ...
... -caudate and putamen neurons then send their axons to ____________________; internal globus pallidus - in turn, GP axons contact the ________________, thalamus (VA/VL) which feedback onto cortex to modulate movement force. ...
Confidence-Related Decision Making
... and these bias the attractor networks, which have internal positive feedback produced by the recurrent excitatory connections. Pools DA and DB compete through inhibitory interneurons. The neurons are integrate-and-fire spiking neurons with random spiking times (for a given mean firing rate), which i ...
... and these bias the attractor networks, which have internal positive feedback produced by the recurrent excitatory connections. Pools DA and DB compete through inhibitory interneurons. The neurons are integrate-and-fire spiking neurons with random spiking times (for a given mean firing rate), which i ...
Direct Inhibition Evoked by Whisker Stimulation in Somatic Sensory
... excitatory “surround” whiskers, also increases cortical discharge rate, but at a longer latency and a lower magnitude than the principal whisker (Armstrong-James and Fox 1987). Using a two whisker stimulation paradigm Simons and colleagues have shown that surround whiskers can produce inhibitory int ...
... excitatory “surround” whiskers, also increases cortical discharge rate, but at a longer latency and a lower magnitude than the principal whisker (Armstrong-James and Fox 1987). Using a two whisker stimulation paradigm Simons and colleagues have shown that surround whiskers can produce inhibitory int ...
The Control of Rate and Timing of Spikes in the Deep Cerebellar
... recorded neurons could be recovered after standard histological procedures. The length of the somata ranged from 20 to 34 m (26.1 ⫾ 5.1m, mean ⫾ SD), and their width ranged from 12 to 23 m (16.3 ⫾ 3.1 m, mean ⫾ SD). GABAergic DC N neurons in rats have soma sizes between 5 and 22 m (mean, 10 m) ...
... recorded neurons could be recovered after standard histological procedures. The length of the somata ranged from 20 to 34 m (26.1 ⫾ 5.1m, mean ⫾ SD), and their width ranged from 12 to 23 m (16.3 ⫾ 3.1 m, mean ⫾ SD). GABAergic DC N neurons in rats have soma sizes between 5 and 22 m (mean, 10 m) ...
Hypothalamus and Limbic System
... stimulate the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). a-MSH/CART neurons do the opposite. The PVN has a net catabolic action, releasing CRH and oxytocin and thereby decreasing food intake and increasing energy expenditure. Plasma levels of oxytocin, which ...
... stimulate the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). a-MSH/CART neurons do the opposite. The PVN has a net catabolic action, releasing CRH and oxytocin and thereby decreasing food intake and increasing energy expenditure. Plasma levels of oxytocin, which ...
Parallel Transformation of Tactile Signals in Central Circuits of
... dissected and fixed for 15 min at room temperature in 4% paraformaldehyde, then rinsed in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and incubated in blocking solution (5% goat serum in PBS + 0.2% Triton X-100 [PBST]). They were then incubated in blocking solution with primary antibodies for 24 hours at room t ...
... dissected and fixed for 15 min at room temperature in 4% paraformaldehyde, then rinsed in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and incubated in blocking solution (5% goat serum in PBS + 0.2% Triton X-100 [PBST]). They were then incubated in blocking solution with primary antibodies for 24 hours at room t ...
The effect of fasting on the ultrastructure of the hypothalamic arcuate
... were often placed in the vicinity of a very well developed Golgi complex. Some Golgi complexes displayed an early stage of whorl formation. Moreover, an increased serum level of 8-isoprostanes, being a reliable marker of total oxidative stress in the body, was observed in both fasting groups of rats ...
... were often placed in the vicinity of a very well developed Golgi complex. Some Golgi complexes displayed an early stage of whorl formation. Moreover, an increased serum level of 8-isoprostanes, being a reliable marker of total oxidative stress in the body, was observed in both fasting groups of rats ...
Nervous system
... The ANS ( in association with the endocrine system ) is primarily responsible for maintaining a nearly constant internal environment of the body , regardless of the changes that take place in the external environment . This is done by regulation of the activities of smooth muscle , cardiac m. & cert ...
... The ANS ( in association with the endocrine system ) is primarily responsible for maintaining a nearly constant internal environment of the body , regardless of the changes that take place in the external environment . This is done by regulation of the activities of smooth muscle , cardiac m. & cert ...
5211: Session 1 Hypothalamus and its regulation of anterior and
... Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) forms from the roof of the pharynx in the embryo. Posterior pituitary develops from the floor of the third ventricle forming the stalk (infundibulum) and the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis). Anterior pituitary has no neurons or synapses, just cells producin ...
... Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) forms from the roof of the pharynx in the embryo. Posterior pituitary develops from the floor of the third ventricle forming the stalk (infundibulum) and the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis). Anterior pituitary has no neurons or synapses, just cells producin ...
Mushroom body efferent neurons responsible for aversive olfactory
... Different odors induce innate approach or avoidance behaviors in Drosophila. Innate odor responses can be modulated by experience, such as associative learning. After simultaneous exposure to an electric shock and an odorant, flies form aversive memory and show robust conditioned odor avoidance that ...
... Different odors induce innate approach or avoidance behaviors in Drosophila. Innate odor responses can be modulated by experience, such as associative learning. After simultaneous exposure to an electric shock and an odorant, flies form aversive memory and show robust conditioned odor avoidance that ...
Signals Conveyed in the Pulvinar Pathway from Superior Colliculus
... cade) conditions, and to assess additional properties such as directional that the neuron lacks a connection to the stimulated structure. A more tuning. In this task, the monkey began each trial by fixating a small complete description of our stimulation parameters, including discuscentral spot (0.4 ...
... cade) conditions, and to assess additional properties such as directional that the neuron lacks a connection to the stimulated structure. A more tuning. In this task, the monkey began each trial by fixating a small complete description of our stimulation parameters, including discuscentral spot (0.4 ...
Dynamics of sensory processing in the dual olfactory pathway of the
... compound odors as indicated and their tertiary mixture (mix). The top two neurons were morphologically identified as uniglomerular m-PNs and glomeruli are indicated. The neuron displayed in the third row was morphologically identified as uniglomerular l-PN; innervated glomerulus could not be identif ...
... compound odors as indicated and their tertiary mixture (mix). The top two neurons were morphologically identified as uniglomerular m-PNs and glomeruli are indicated. The neuron displayed in the third row was morphologically identified as uniglomerular l-PN; innervated glomerulus could not be identif ...