harvesting chemical energy
... The acetyl group of acetyl CoA joins the cycle by combining with the compound oxaloacetate, forming citrate. The next seven steps decompose the citrate back to oxaloacetate. It is the regeneration of oxaloacetate that makes this process a cycle. Three CO2 molecules are released, including the ...
... The acetyl group of acetyl CoA joins the cycle by combining with the compound oxaloacetate, forming citrate. The next seven steps decompose the citrate back to oxaloacetate. It is the regeneration of oxaloacetate that makes this process a cycle. Three CO2 molecules are released, including the ...
Hemojuvelin N-terminal mutants reach the plasma membrane but do
... Figure 1. Characterization of the HJV variants studied. (A) Schematic representation of HJV functional domains and of the mutants studied. SP indicates signal peptide; RGD: arginine-glycine-aspartic acid integrin-binding domain. The cMYC tag, GDPH autoproteolytic site, and furin cleavage site (FCS) ...
... Figure 1. Characterization of the HJV variants studied. (A) Schematic representation of HJV functional domains and of the mutants studied. SP indicates signal peptide; RGD: arginine-glycine-aspartic acid integrin-binding domain. The cMYC tag, GDPH autoproteolytic site, and furin cleavage site (FCS) ...
Chromoplast Differentiation: Current Status and
... import area for novel proteins (Kwok and Hanson 2004), particularly those involved in carotenoid biosynthesis and chromoplast differentiation. Sometimes, free broken stromules detached from the plastid appear throughout the cytoplasm of green fruit as small vesicles containing only GFP. They may hav ...
... import area for novel proteins (Kwok and Hanson 2004), particularly those involved in carotenoid biosynthesis and chromoplast differentiation. Sometimes, free broken stromules detached from the plastid appear throughout the cytoplasm of green fruit as small vesicles containing only GFP. They may hav ...
09_DetailLectOut_jkAR
... The acetyl group of acetyl CoA joins the cycle by combining with the compound oxaloacetate, forming citrate. The next seven steps decompose the citrate back to oxaloacetate. It is the regeneration of oxaloacetate that makes this process a cycle. Three CO2 molecules are released, including the ...
... The acetyl group of acetyl CoA joins the cycle by combining with the compound oxaloacetate, forming citrate. The next seven steps decompose the citrate back to oxaloacetate. It is the regeneration of oxaloacetate that makes this process a cycle. Three CO2 molecules are released, including the ...
Cellular Respiration
... The free energy for the oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water is -686 kcal/mole and the free energy for the reduction of NAD+ to NADH is +53 kcal/mole. Why are only two molecules of NADH formed during glycolysis when it appears that as many as a dozen could be formed? A) Most of the free energy ava ...
... The free energy for the oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water is -686 kcal/mole and the free energy for the reduction of NAD+ to NADH is +53 kcal/mole. Why are only two molecules of NADH formed during glycolysis when it appears that as many as a dozen could be formed? A) Most of the free energy ava ...
Chapter 9 – Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
... Several steps in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are redox reactions in which dehydrogenase enzymes transfer electrons from substrates to NAD+, forming NADH. ...
... Several steps in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are redox reactions in which dehydrogenase enzymes transfer electrons from substrates to NAD+, forming NADH. ...
chapter 9 cellular respiration: harvesting chemical
... Each oxygen atom also picks up a pair of hydrogen ions from the aqueous solution to form water. For every two electron carriers (four electrons), one O2 molecule is reduced to two molecules of water. The electrons carried by FADH2 have lower free energy and are added at a lower energy level than ...
... Each oxygen atom also picks up a pair of hydrogen ions from the aqueous solution to form water. For every two electron carriers (four electrons), one O2 molecule is reduced to two molecules of water. The electrons carried by FADH2 have lower free energy and are added at a lower energy level than ...
Vesicle traffic in the endomembrane system: a tale of COPs, Rabs
... just five minutes. On the basis of data from mammalian cells, we can assume that this influx of new Golgi proteins is balanced by a recycling of old, bleached proteins back to the ER. These FRAP experiments therefore demonstrate a basic similarity between the Golgi of plants and mammals, namely that ...
... just five minutes. On the basis of data from mammalian cells, we can assume that this influx of new Golgi proteins is balanced by a recycling of old, bleached proteins back to the ER. These FRAP experiments therefore demonstrate a basic similarity between the Golgi of plants and mammals, namely that ...
Lecture 2: Glycolysis Part 1 - Berkeley MCB
... Pasteur, and it is still called the Pasteur Effect. Yeast often convert glucose into two molecules of ethanol and two molecules of CO2 under anaerobic conditions, but when Pasteur added oxygen to this system, the generation of ethanol and CO2 stopped. Regulation. Why does PFK become inhibited? With ...
... Pasteur, and it is still called the Pasteur Effect. Yeast often convert glucose into two molecules of ethanol and two molecules of CO2 under anaerobic conditions, but when Pasteur added oxygen to this system, the generation of ethanol and CO2 stopped. Regulation. Why does PFK become inhibited? With ...
Anaerobic Respiration
... NADH and ubiquinol from the Krebs cycle start a series of oxidation reduction reactions that move electrons through a series of carriers. The electron carriers together are called an “electron transport chain” ...
... NADH and ubiquinol from the Krebs cycle start a series of oxidation reduction reactions that move electrons through a series of carriers. The electron carriers together are called an “electron transport chain” ...
INTRODUCTION TO CELLULAR RESPIRATION
... from organic fuels to oxygen Enzymes are necessary to oxidize glucose and other foods – The enzyme that removes hydrogen from an organic molecule is called dehydrogenase – Dehydrogenase requires a coenzyme called NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) to shuttle electrons – NAD+ can become reduc ...
... from organic fuels to oxygen Enzymes are necessary to oxidize glucose and other foods – The enzyme that removes hydrogen from an organic molecule is called dehydrogenase – Dehydrogenase requires a coenzyme called NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) to shuttle electrons – NAD+ can become reduc ...
Eight bacterial proteins, including UDP-N
... proteins [I,2], the glycine-rich nonapeptide repeats in cytolytic RTX toxins of Gram-negative bacteria [3] and the flexible hinge sequences in immunoglobulins [4]. Zinc-finger and Lcu-zipper proteins as well as Ca2+-binding proteins with EF-hands contain functionally specialized domains with oligope ...
... proteins [I,2], the glycine-rich nonapeptide repeats in cytolytic RTX toxins of Gram-negative bacteria [3] and the flexible hinge sequences in immunoglobulins [4]. Zinc-finger and Lcu-zipper proteins as well as Ca2+-binding proteins with EF-hands contain functionally specialized domains with oligope ...
A brief history of ATP
... in our bodies.’’ The spinning ATP synthase enzyme that coins ATP from its precursor, ADP, is found in rod-like structures called mitochondria that lurk in our cells. Every mitochondrion is studded with hundreds if not thousands of the enzymes. Unlock the secrets of ATP manufacture and you have a clu ...
... in our bodies.’’ The spinning ATP synthase enzyme that coins ATP from its precursor, ADP, is found in rod-like structures called mitochondria that lurk in our cells. Every mitochondrion is studded with hundreds if not thousands of the enzymes. Unlock the secrets of ATP manufacture and you have a clu ...
Detergent-resistant plasma membrane proteome to elucidate
... et al., 2005). Li et al. (2012) observed that Flot1 showed patch-like localization on PM using electron microscopic technique. They further showed that Flot 1 is participated in endocytic vesicle formation but gold-conjugated antibody of Flot 1 does not co-localize with clathrin light chain. It mean ...
... et al., 2005). Li et al. (2012) observed that Flot1 showed patch-like localization on PM using electron microscopic technique. They further showed that Flot 1 is participated in endocytic vesicle formation but gold-conjugated antibody of Flot 1 does not co-localize with clathrin light chain. It mean ...
Chloroplast redox regulation of nuclear gene transcription
... regulation of enzyme activity in the Calvin cycle. However, evidence has emerged also suggesting that chloroplast electron transport components regulate plastid and nuclear gene expression. Using the unicellular green alga, Dunaliella tertiolecta, as a model organism, we have shown that the cell acc ...
... regulation of enzyme activity in the Calvin cycle. However, evidence has emerged also suggesting that chloroplast electron transport components regulate plastid and nuclear gene expression. Using the unicellular green alga, Dunaliella tertiolecta, as a model organism, we have shown that the cell acc ...
VCE Biology TSFX REVISION LECTURE UNIT 3 Part 1
... and tertiary (overall chain shape) structures, and that those proteins made up of two or more polypeptide chains may be described by a quaternary structure. Students are expected to identify α-helices and β-pleated sheets as being the most common secondary structures. They are expected to understand ...
... and tertiary (overall chain shape) structures, and that those proteins made up of two or more polypeptide chains may be described by a quaternary structure. Students are expected to identify α-helices and β-pleated sheets as being the most common secondary structures. They are expected to understand ...
WSFNR-17-13 Coder - Warnell School of Forestry and Natural
... fermentation occurs, like glycolysis, within the cytoplasm, and generates energy through electron transfer molecules. The energy generated under anaerobic conditions is about 4% normal amounts. At first under oxygen deficiencies, cells increase respiration rates (increase CO2 release) attempting to ...
... fermentation occurs, like glycolysis, within the cytoplasm, and generates energy through electron transfer molecules. The energy generated under anaerobic conditions is about 4% normal amounts. At first under oxygen deficiencies, cells increase respiration rates (increase CO2 release) attempting to ...
Homologous and heterologous reconstitution of Golgi to chloroplast
... reconstitute the transport process. Advantage was taken of the fact that precursors to the cytoplasmically synthesized light harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding protein (pLHCPII) are a group of 110, 122, 161 and 207 kDa polyproteins composed of a pre-sequence and as many as eight mature LHCPII units ...
... reconstitute the transport process. Advantage was taken of the fact that precursors to the cytoplasmically synthesized light harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding protein (pLHCPII) are a group of 110, 122, 161 and 207 kDa polyproteins composed of a pre-sequence and as many as eight mature LHCPII units ...
Homologous and heterologous reconstitution of Golgi to chloroplast
... reconstitute the transport process. Advantage was taken of the fact that precursors to the cytoplasmically synthesized light harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding protein (pLHCPII) are a group of 110, 122, 161 and 207 kDa polyproteins composed of a pre-sequence and as many as eight mature LHCPII units ...
... reconstitute the transport process. Advantage was taken of the fact that precursors to the cytoplasmically synthesized light harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding protein (pLHCPII) are a group of 110, 122, 161 and 207 kDa polyproteins composed of a pre-sequence and as many as eight mature LHCPII units ...
Cellular Respiration
... The free energy for the oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water is -686 kcal/mole and the free energy for the reduction of NAD+ to NADH is +53 kcal/mole. Why are only two molecules of NADH formed during glycolysis when it appears that as many as a dozen could be formed? A) Most of the free energy ava ...
... The free energy for the oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water is -686 kcal/mole and the free energy for the reduction of NAD+ to NADH is +53 kcal/mole. Why are only two molecules of NADH formed during glycolysis when it appears that as many as a dozen could be formed? A) Most of the free energy ava ...
Cellular Respiration Breathe in… breathe out… or not!
... Cellular Respiration Breathe in… breathe out… or not! ...
... Cellular Respiration Breathe in… breathe out… or not! ...
ATP - BIOLUMINESCENCE
... ATP - BIOLUMINESCENCE • When ATP is present the enzyme - substrate complex is oxidised to an electronically excited state and releases a photon of light which can be measured in a photometer. Some living organisms, such as the firefly can produce light by this activity. • Very sensitive - can detec ...
... ATP - BIOLUMINESCENCE • When ATP is present the enzyme - substrate complex is oxidised to an electronically excited state and releases a photon of light which can be measured in a photometer. Some living organisms, such as the firefly can produce light by this activity. • Very sensitive - can detec ...
chapter 9 cellular respiration: harvesting chemical
... Redox reactions require both a donor and acceptor. Redox reactions also occur when the transfer of electrons is not complete but involves a change in the degree of electron sharing in covalent bonds. In the combustion of methane to form water and carbon dioxide, the nonpolar covalent bonds of ...
... Redox reactions require both a donor and acceptor. Redox reactions also occur when the transfer of electrons is not complete but involves a change in the degree of electron sharing in covalent bonds. In the combustion of methane to form water and carbon dioxide, the nonpolar covalent bonds of ...
Thylakoid
A thylakoid is a membrane-bound compartment inside chloroplasts and cyanobacteria. They are the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. Thylakoids consist of a thylakoid membrane surrounding a thylakoid lumen. Chloroplast thylakoids frequently form stacks of disks referred to as grana (singular: granum). Grana are connected by intergranal or stroma thylakoids, which join granum stacks together as a single functional compartment.