3-Morpholinylsydnonimine Inhibits Glutamatergic Transmission in
... coupled signaling pathways. Because SIN-1 produces both NO and superoxide anion upon decomposition (Feelisch et al., 1989; Holm et al., 1998) and biological tissues contain oxidants that are potentially capable of eliciting NO formation during the decomposition of SIN-1 (Trackey et al., 2001), it is ...
... coupled signaling pathways. Because SIN-1 produces both NO and superoxide anion upon decomposition (Feelisch et al., 1989; Holm et al., 1998) and biological tissues contain oxidants that are potentially capable of eliciting NO formation during the decomposition of SIN-1 (Trackey et al., 2001), it is ...
Theroleofdendritesinauditory coincidence detection
... sounds1,2. Each neuron receives many narrow-band inputs from both ears and compares the time of arrival of the inputs with an accuracy of 10–100 ms (refs 3–6). Neurons that receive lowfrequency auditory inputs (up to about 2 kHz) have bipolar dendrites, and each dendrite receives inputs from only on ...
... sounds1,2. Each neuron receives many narrow-band inputs from both ears and compares the time of arrival of the inputs with an accuracy of 10–100 ms (refs 3–6). Neurons that receive lowfrequency auditory inputs (up to about 2 kHz) have bipolar dendrites, and each dendrite receives inputs from only on ...
Lecture 1
... Myelinated axons: sheath of Schwann and myelin sheath one Schwann cell myelinates a single axon multiple Schwann cells needed to cover entire length of an axon ...
... Myelinated axons: sheath of Schwann and myelin sheath one Schwann cell myelinates a single axon multiple Schwann cells needed to cover entire length of an axon ...
Long-Term Depression in Identified Stellate Neurons of Juvenile Rat
... specificity and the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the long-term plasticity in the EC remain to be determined. About 70% of the neurons in layer II of the EC are stellate neurons (Klink and Alonso 1997) the axons of which form the perforant path that innervates the dentate gyrus granul ...
... specificity and the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the long-term plasticity in the EC remain to be determined. About 70% of the neurons in layer II of the EC are stellate neurons (Klink and Alonso 1997) the axons of which form the perforant path that innervates the dentate gyrus granul ...
A visual motion detection circuit suggested by Drosophila
... term ultraperiodic. We do not include infraperiodic tangential or local amacrine-like cells even if they have arborizations in every column because this cannot be determined unambiguously from our electron microscopy reconstruction (Supplementary Table 2). We used the existence of multiple represent ...
... term ultraperiodic. We do not include infraperiodic tangential or local amacrine-like cells even if they have arborizations in every column because this cannot be determined unambiguously from our electron microscopy reconstruction (Supplementary Table 2). We used the existence of multiple represent ...
Neural Cognitive Modelling: A Biologically Constrained Spiking
... period. When a neuron fires, it releases current to all connected neurons. This post-synaptic current decays exponentially over time at a rate τ that depends on the neurotransmitter and receptors involved (ranging from two to hundreds of milliseconds). The various parameters of the LIF model (refrac ...
... period. When a neuron fires, it releases current to all connected neurons. This post-synaptic current decays exponentially over time at a rate τ that depends on the neurotransmitter and receptors involved (ranging from two to hundreds of milliseconds). The various parameters of the LIF model (refrac ...
Neural Networks - School of Computer Science
... A neuron consists of a cell body, or soma, that contains a nucleus. Each neuron has a number of dendrites which receive connections from other neurons. Neurons also have an axon which goes out from the neuron and eventually splits into a number of strands to make a connection to other neurons. The p ...
... A neuron consists of a cell body, or soma, that contains a nucleus. Each neuron has a number of dendrites which receive connections from other neurons. Neurons also have an axon which goes out from the neuron and eventually splits into a number of strands to make a connection to other neurons. The p ...
Retrograde Signaling in the Development and Modification of
... NGF-like molecules, each specific for different but overlapping populations of neurons. Other members of this NGF family of factors, or neurotrophins, now include brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin (NT)-3, NT-4/5, and NT-6 (213, 215). In addition to their traditional role as surv ...
... NGF-like molecules, each specific for different but overlapping populations of neurons. Other members of this NGF family of factors, or neurotrophins, now include brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin (NT)-3, NT-4/5, and NT-6 (213, 215). In addition to their traditional role as surv ...
fluctuations in somatosensory responsiveness and baseline firing
... magnitude of responsiveness showed insignificant decreases throughout the experiment (Fig. 2B). In comparison with the NORMAL group, the most marked effect of intranigral APO microinjection was the significant increase in magnitude of both positive and negative fluctuations in responsiveness to cuta ...
... magnitude of responsiveness showed insignificant decreases throughout the experiment (Fig. 2B). In comparison with the NORMAL group, the most marked effect of intranigral APO microinjection was the significant increase in magnitude of both positive and negative fluctuations in responsiveness to cuta ...
PDF file
... The following technical characteristics required by developmental learning make such work challenging: (1) Integrate both bottom-up and top-down attention; (2) Integrate attentionbased recognition and object-based spacial attention interactively; (3) Enable supervised and unsupervised learning in an ...
... The following technical characteristics required by developmental learning make such work challenging: (1) Integrate both bottom-up and top-down attention; (2) Integrate attentionbased recognition and object-based spacial attention interactively; (3) Enable supervised and unsupervised learning in an ...
Probing scale interaction in brain dynamics through synchronization
... The mammalian brain operates in multiple spatial scales simultaneously, ranging from the microscopic scale of single neurons through the mesoscopic scale of cortical columns, to the macroscopic scale of brain areas. These levels of description are associated with distinct temporal scales, ranging fr ...
... The mammalian brain operates in multiple spatial scales simultaneously, ranging from the microscopic scale of single neurons through the mesoscopic scale of cortical columns, to the macroscopic scale of brain areas. These levels of description are associated with distinct temporal scales, ranging fr ...
Electrical membrane properties of rat subthalamic neurons in an in
... (IPSPs) m most of the neurons examined The polarity of IPSPs was reversed in the depolarizing dlrectton by intraceUular injectton of CI- Bath applicauon of bmueulhn¢ markedly suppressed IPSP~ and unmasked monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptlc potenttal~ {EPSPs) The EPSP was able to trigger a slow dep ...
... (IPSPs) m most of the neurons examined The polarity of IPSPs was reversed in the depolarizing dlrectton by intraceUular injectton of CI- Bath applicauon of bmueulhn¢ markedly suppressed IPSP~ and unmasked monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptlc potenttal~ {EPSPs) The EPSP was able to trigger a slow dep ...
Challenges of understanding brain function by selective modulation
... selective modulation came with electrical stimulation. Since 1870 [23] it is used both to identify the function of brain areas and as a therapy to intervene with aberrant activity dynamics associated with brain disorders. Moreover, electrical stimulation also allows activation rather than silencing ...
... selective modulation came with electrical stimulation. Since 1870 [23] it is used both to identify the function of brain areas and as a therapy to intervene with aberrant activity dynamics associated with brain disorders. Moreover, electrical stimulation also allows activation rather than silencing ...
Viewpoint Synaptic Connectivity and Neuronal Morphology: Two
... for a network of neurons within the cortical column. Initially, I compare theoretical predictions with data from mouse neocortex because of their relatively high quality, leaving interspecies comparison to the section on Comparison with Experiment. One cubic millimeter of mouse neocortex contains N ...
... for a network of neurons within the cortical column. Initially, I compare theoretical predictions with data from mouse neocortex because of their relatively high quality, leaving interspecies comparison to the section on Comparison with Experiment. One cubic millimeter of mouse neocortex contains N ...
Chapter 1 - Laboratory Animal Boards Study Group
... True or False: Pain causes increased heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac output, and systemic vascular resistance. True or False: Pain in human thoracic surgery patients, has been shown to decrease tidal volume, functional residual capacity, and cause ventilationperfusion mismatch. All of the follow ...
... True or False: Pain causes increased heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac output, and systemic vascular resistance. True or False: Pain in human thoracic surgery patients, has been shown to decrease tidal volume, functional residual capacity, and cause ventilationperfusion mismatch. All of the follow ...
Information Processing at the Calyx of Held Under Natural Conditions
... The medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) is probably one of the best studied nuclei in the mammalian brain. The system is studied so well because the synapses found in this nucleus, the so-called calyces of Held, are extraordinarily big compared to almost all other synapses. Therefore, they a ...
... The medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) is probably one of the best studied nuclei in the mammalian brain. The system is studied so well because the synapses found in this nucleus, the so-called calyces of Held, are extraordinarily big compared to almost all other synapses. Therefore, they a ...
Sequencing the connectome. - Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
... negatives include failure of transsynaptic barcode transport and undersampling of the amplified barcode pairs. Most sequencing errors will also result in false negatives, but these can be minimized by judicious design of the barcodes. Possible sources of false positives include loss of synapse speci ...
... negatives include failure of transsynaptic barcode transport and undersampling of the amplified barcode pairs. Most sequencing errors will also result in false negatives, but these can be minimized by judicious design of the barcodes. Possible sources of false positives include loss of synapse speci ...
A Cellular Structure for Online Routing of Digital Spiking Neuron
... Figure 4 shows the internal architecture of the glial cells. Each glial cell consists of a synapse unit, ten MUXs, and eight DFFs for routing axons and dendrites. On each side of a glial cell, there is one axonal output coming from a pipeline DFF connected to a MUX. Each axonal MUX can switch to any ...
... Figure 4 shows the internal architecture of the glial cells. Each glial cell consists of a synapse unit, ten MUXs, and eight DFFs for routing axons and dendrites. On each side of a glial cell, there is one axonal output coming from a pipeline DFF connected to a MUX. Each axonal MUX can switch to any ...
a remnant chloroplast, with an References
... in ‘what’ is being done [8,11]. Second, many mirror neurons also respond to the sound of actions (for example, the breaking of a peanut). Such sounds, however, are emitted by the object, and reflect what is being done without containing explicit information about how it has been done: was it broken ...
... in ‘what’ is being done [8,11]. Second, many mirror neurons also respond to the sound of actions (for example, the breaking of a peanut). Such sounds, however, are emitted by the object, and reflect what is being done without containing explicit information about how it has been done: was it broken ...
Distributed Processing of Sensory Information in
... The local bending reflex can be elicited in a singlesegmental ganglion, demonstrating that each of the 2 1 segmentalganglia in the leechcontains neuronssufficient to producethe behavior (Kristan, 1982). Each ganglion contains sensory neurons responding to touch (T cells) and pressure(P cells; Nichol ...
... The local bending reflex can be elicited in a singlesegmental ganglion, demonstrating that each of the 2 1 segmentalganglia in the leechcontains neuronssufficient to producethe behavior (Kristan, 1982). Each ganglion contains sensory neurons responding to touch (T cells) and pressure(P cells; Nichol ...
Ariel Sarver - the IDeA Lab!
... secondary symptoms of autism is well-supported by the data discovered by Cynthia Schumann on abnormal amygdala size in autistic patients and the high occurrence of temporal lobe epilepsy in autistic infants, which may cause “altered connections between the cortical areas that process sensory input a ...
... secondary symptoms of autism is well-supported by the data discovered by Cynthia Schumann on abnormal amygdala size in autistic patients and the high occurrence of temporal lobe epilepsy in autistic infants, which may cause “altered connections between the cortical areas that process sensory input a ...
Phenotypic flexibility and the evolution of organismal design
... organisms throughout their life, traditionally the subject of many physiological studies, has remained underexploited in evolutionary biology. Phenotypic flexibility, the reversible within-individual variation, is a function of environmental conditions varying predictably (e.g. with season), or of m ...
... organisms throughout their life, traditionally the subject of many physiological studies, has remained underexploited in evolutionary biology. Phenotypic flexibility, the reversible within-individual variation, is a function of environmental conditions varying predictably (e.g. with season), or of m ...
Certain Histological and Anatomical Features of the Central Nervous
... number of ganglia. At its terminal end an axon normally splits repeatedly and the branches occur at shorter and shorter intervals towards the end. The fine branches finally become lost in the neuropile. Although the endings are fine, extensive, and intricate, they are not highly specialized. Normall ...
... number of ganglia. At its terminal end an axon normally splits repeatedly and the branches occur at shorter and shorter intervals towards the end. The fine branches finally become lost in the neuropile. Although the endings are fine, extensive, and intricate, they are not highly specialized. Normall ...
Nonsynaptic plasticity
Nonsynaptic plasticity is a form of neuroplasticity that involves modification of ion channel function in the axon, dendrites, and cell body that results in specific changes in the integration of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs). Nonsynaptic plasticity is a modification of the intrinsic excitability of the neuron. It interacts with synaptic plasticity, but it is considered a separate entity from synaptic plasticity. Intrinsic modification of the electrical properties of neurons plays a role in many aspects of plasticity from homeostatic plasticity to learning and memory itself. Nonsynaptic plasticity affects synaptic integration, subthreshold propagation, spike generation, and other fundamental mechanisms of neurons at the cellular level. These individual neuronal alterations can result in changes in higher brain function, especially learning and memory. However, as an emerging field in neuroscience, much of the knowledge about nonsynaptic plasticity is uncertain and still requires further investigation to better define its role in brain function and behavior.