Computational Psychiatry Seminar: Spring 2014 Week 11: The
... behaviors and in choices of larger but delayed rewards. FMRI studies using a game in a dynamic environment show the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, dorsal premotor cortex, parietal cortex and insula are more activated in conditions requiring long-term prediction of rewards rather than in conditions ...
... behaviors and in choices of larger but delayed rewards. FMRI studies using a game in a dynamic environment show the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, dorsal premotor cortex, parietal cortex and insula are more activated in conditions requiring long-term prediction of rewards rather than in conditions ...
Interneuron Diversity series: Circuit complexity and axon wiring
... distant neurons in large networks? If one defines a ‘characteristic path length’ lpath as the average number of monosynaptic connections in the shortest path between two neurons, how does it scale with the network size N? In a completely random network with a sufficiently large number of links per n ...
... distant neurons in large networks? If one defines a ‘characteristic path length’ lpath as the average number of monosynaptic connections in the shortest path between two neurons, how does it scale with the network size N? In a completely random network with a sufficiently large number of links per n ...
Histological Rearrangement in the Facial Nerve and Central Nuclei
... connective tissue. Only a few fasciculi could be found. ...
... connective tissue. Only a few fasciculi could be found. ...
Artificial Neural Network PPT
... function that limits the neuron’s output. The nonlinearity in biological neurons is provided by the presence of potassium ions within each neuron cell and sodium ions outside the cell membrane. ...
... function that limits the neuron’s output. The nonlinearity in biological neurons is provided by the presence of potassium ions within each neuron cell and sodium ions outside the cell membrane. ...
Nervous System
... Action potential : Electrical changes that occurs along the sarcolemma . 1. Membrane Depolarization – Na+ entering the cell . 2. Action potential is propagated as the move of depolarization spreads . 3. Repolarization – Na+ channels close and K+ opens , and K+ diffuse out. 4. Refractory period : cel ...
... Action potential : Electrical changes that occurs along the sarcolemma . 1. Membrane Depolarization – Na+ entering the cell . 2. Action potential is propagated as the move of depolarization spreads . 3. Repolarization – Na+ channels close and K+ opens , and K+ diffuse out. 4. Refractory period : cel ...
35-2 The Nervous System
... The Nerve Impulse The Resting Neuron When resting, the outside of the neuron has a net ...
... The Nerve Impulse The Resting Neuron When resting, the outside of the neuron has a net ...
action potential — epilepsy
... huge voltage changes at the membrane. Their number is tiny compared to the total number of ions found in even a very small compartment of adjacent cytoplasm or extracellular fluid. Because of this, many, many action potentials can be generated before the concentration gradient “runs down.” As an act ...
... huge voltage changes at the membrane. Their number is tiny compared to the total number of ions found in even a very small compartment of adjacent cytoplasm or extracellular fluid. Because of this, many, many action potentials can be generated before the concentration gradient “runs down.” As an act ...
Inter-regional Contribution of Enhanced Activity of the Primary
... Multiple cortical areas are involved in pain processing, including the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Although accumulations of evidence suggest that the S1 activity increases under chronic pain conditions, whether plastic change occurs or not within the S ...
... Multiple cortical areas are involved in pain processing, including the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Although accumulations of evidence suggest that the S1 activity increases under chronic pain conditions, whether plastic change occurs or not within the S ...
Sensory Afferent Neurotransmission in Caudal Nucleus Tractus
... primarily mNTS neurons mono-synaptically activated by solitary tract stimulation. mNTS neurons show varying degrees of delayed excitation, spike frequency adaptation and after hyperpolarizations. Sensory afferent transmission is mediated by glutamate acting at post-synaptic non-NMDA receptors. Gluta ...
... primarily mNTS neurons mono-synaptically activated by solitary tract stimulation. mNTS neurons show varying degrees of delayed excitation, spike frequency adaptation and after hyperpolarizations. Sensory afferent transmission is mediated by glutamate acting at post-synaptic non-NMDA receptors. Gluta ...
Pointing the way toward target selection
... The authors apply the idea of pointer neurons to a network that selects a target from the feedforward visual input it receives. The neurons in the target-selecL. F. Abbott tion network are arranged in a spatial map. A selected target is represented within this Hahnloser and colleagues propose a comp ...
... The authors apply the idea of pointer neurons to a network that selects a target from the feedforward visual input it receives. The neurons in the target-selecL. F. Abbott tion network are arranged in a spatial map. A selected target is represented within this Hahnloser and colleagues propose a comp ...
Axon Physiology - Physiological Reviews
... distally. But, the function of the axon is not purely limited to the conduction of the action potential from the site of initiation near the cell body to the terminal. Recent experimental findings shed new light on the functional and computational capabilities of single axons, suggesting that severa ...
... distally. But, the function of the axon is not purely limited to the conduction of the action potential from the site of initiation near the cell body to the terminal. Recent experimental findings shed new light on the functional and computational capabilities of single axons, suggesting that severa ...
Vocal Control Neuron Incorporation Decreases with Age in the Adult
... be found at 1 and 4 months of survival, not whether the numbers of labeled neurons differed between these two survival times. Fluoro-gold labeling. Four days before being killed, birds that received [ 3H]thymidine also received 2-hydroxy-4,4⬘-diamidinostilbene (FluoroGold; Fluorochrome, Englewood, C ...
... be found at 1 and 4 months of survival, not whether the numbers of labeled neurons differed between these two survival times. Fluoro-gold labeling. Four days before being killed, birds that received [ 3H]thymidine also received 2-hydroxy-4,4⬘-diamidinostilbene (FluoroGold; Fluorochrome, Englewood, C ...
Every synaptic algebra has the monotone square root property
... If A is a commutative synaptic algebra, then A is a commutative, associative, partially ordered, Archimedean, real linear algebra with a unity element 1 that is an order unit; it is a normed linear algebra under the orderunit norm; and it may be regarded as its own enveloping algebra. By [11, Theore ...
... If A is a commutative synaptic algebra, then A is a commutative, associative, partially ordered, Archimedean, real linear algebra with a unity element 1 that is an order unit; it is a normed linear algebra under the orderunit norm; and it may be regarded as its own enveloping algebra. By [11, Theore ...
section 4
... possible factors in to consideration in order to determine whether to fire or not. If a postsynaptic neuron receives enough EPSPs in relation to possible IPSPs, and its threshold is exceeded, an action potential will occur, which involves the production of a week electrical signal by ionic changes i ...
... possible factors in to consideration in order to determine whether to fire or not. If a postsynaptic neuron receives enough EPSPs in relation to possible IPSPs, and its threshold is exceeded, an action potential will occur, which involves the production of a week electrical signal by ionic changes i ...
Evolution of Animal Neural Systems
... as pancreatic or muscle cells. Plants and unicellular organisms also make use of electrical excitability to mediate behavior (see below), but are not said to have nervous systems. It is the presence of neurons that really distinguishes animal nervous systems, so we prefer the term neural systems. Ne ...
... as pancreatic or muscle cells. Plants and unicellular organisms also make use of electrical excitability to mediate behavior (see below), but are not said to have nervous systems. It is the presence of neurons that really distinguishes animal nervous systems, so we prefer the term neural systems. Ne ...
Cortical remodelling induced by activity of ventral tegmental
... Representations of sensory stimuli in the cerebral cortex can undergo progressive remodelling according to the behavioural importance of the stimuli1,2. The cortex receives widespread projections from dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA)3±5, which are activated by new stimuli or unpr ...
... Representations of sensory stimuli in the cerebral cortex can undergo progressive remodelling according to the behavioural importance of the stimuli1,2. The cortex receives widespread projections from dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA)3±5, which are activated by new stimuli or unpr ...
1. Materials and Methods
... action. This was assessed by playing back the sound of the best action through a loudspeaker, and visually inspecting histograms of the response induced by this sound. Full testing of the best and less effective action then involved 3 ‘sensory’ conditions: vision-andsound (‘V+S’), vision-only (‘V’) ...
... action. This was assessed by playing back the sound of the best action through a loudspeaker, and visually inspecting histograms of the response induced by this sound. Full testing of the best and less effective action then involved 3 ‘sensory’ conditions: vision-andsound (‘V+S’), vision-only (‘V’) ...
Effects of the Abused Inhalant Toluene on the
... toluene alter DA neuron firing and release of DA in rewardassociated areas. Results from previous studies show that a single in vivo exposure to a drug of abuse such as cocaine or ethanol induces a change in glutamatergic signaling of VTA DA neurons [30, 34]. This is reflected in an increase in the ...
... toluene alter DA neuron firing and release of DA in rewardassociated areas. Results from previous studies show that a single in vivo exposure to a drug of abuse such as cocaine or ethanol induces a change in glutamatergic signaling of VTA DA neurons [30, 34]. This is reflected in an increase in the ...
Adaptive Behavior - Server users.dimi.uniud.it
... In the present work, for simplicity, only the incline sensory neuron is allowed to diffuse specific (i.e., genetically determined) types of neuromodulators (NMs) as long as its neuronal activity y is within the corresponding diffusible area, which is also to be genetically determined. A schematic di ...
... In the present work, for simplicity, only the incline sensory neuron is allowed to diffuse specific (i.e., genetically determined) types of neuromodulators (NMs) as long as its neuronal activity y is within the corresponding diffusible area, which is also to be genetically determined. A schematic di ...
Building Functional Networks of Spiking Model Neurons
... coding. Deviations between the actual and desired outputs occur in these networks when a few more or a few less spikes are generated than the precise number needed to match the target output. The spike-coding networks that we now introduce 9,10,12 work on the same basic principle of raising and lowe ...
... coding. Deviations between the actual and desired outputs occur in these networks when a few more or a few less spikes are generated than the precise number needed to match the target output. The spike-coding networks that we now introduce 9,10,12 work on the same basic principle of raising and lowe ...
Membrane Properties Underlying the Firing of Neurons in the Avian
... potential, the arrival rate is at least equal to the neuron’s discharge rate. Moreover, because an NM neuron is innervated by 2-3 VIIIth nerve afferents (Hackett et al., 1982; Jackson and Parks, 1982) and because each fiber can discharge at a maximum sustained rate of approximately 400 Hz (Manley et ...
... potential, the arrival rate is at least equal to the neuron’s discharge rate. Moreover, because an NM neuron is innervated by 2-3 VIIIth nerve afferents (Hackett et al., 1982; Jackson and Parks, 1982) and because each fiber can discharge at a maximum sustained rate of approximately 400 Hz (Manley et ...
temporal visual event recognition
... in the ventral visual pathway [2]. How the brain creates prediction signals in general relates to the fundamental question of how the brain represents time. Buonomano [4] discussed the two prevalent views of how this may be – “labeled lines”, in which each neuron’s firing can represent events on dif ...
... in the ventral visual pathway [2]. How the brain creates prediction signals in general relates to the fundamental question of how the brain represents time. Buonomano [4] discussed the two prevalent views of how this may be – “labeled lines”, in which each neuron’s firing can represent events on dif ...
An ultra small array of electrodes for stimulating multiple
... On a silicon substrate, a low-stress silicon nitride film was used both as a structural layer and as electrical insulation. Evaporated gold pads and interconnects were sandwiched between two such layers. A bulk anisotropic silicon etch released the individual arrays. The electrodes are supported wit ...
... On a silicon substrate, a low-stress silicon nitride film was used both as a structural layer and as electrical insulation. Evaporated gold pads and interconnects were sandwiched between two such layers. A bulk anisotropic silicon etch released the individual arrays. The electrodes are supported wit ...
Nonsynaptic plasticity
Nonsynaptic plasticity is a form of neuroplasticity that involves modification of ion channel function in the axon, dendrites, and cell body that results in specific changes in the integration of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs). Nonsynaptic plasticity is a modification of the intrinsic excitability of the neuron. It interacts with synaptic plasticity, but it is considered a separate entity from synaptic plasticity. Intrinsic modification of the electrical properties of neurons plays a role in many aspects of plasticity from homeostatic plasticity to learning and memory itself. Nonsynaptic plasticity affects synaptic integration, subthreshold propagation, spike generation, and other fundamental mechanisms of neurons at the cellular level. These individual neuronal alterations can result in changes in higher brain function, especially learning and memory. However, as an emerging field in neuroscience, much of the knowledge about nonsynaptic plasticity is uncertain and still requires further investigation to better define its role in brain function and behavior.