Dendrite structure
... of the surface area of a motor neuron (excluding the axon) is dendritic (Ulfhake and Kellerth 1981). The dendrites have 370 000 µm2 of surface area while occupying only 300 000 µm3. To provide an equivalent surface, a spherical cell body would be 340 µm in diameter and consume 20 000 000 µm3. The fa ...
... of the surface area of a motor neuron (excluding the axon) is dendritic (Ulfhake and Kellerth 1981). The dendrites have 370 000 µm2 of surface area while occupying only 300 000 µm3. To provide an equivalent surface, a spherical cell body would be 340 µm in diameter and consume 20 000 000 µm3. The fa ...
Dendrite structure
... of the surface area of a motor neuron (excluding the axon) is dendritic (Ulfhake and Kellerth 1981). The dendrites have 370 000 µm2 of surface area while occupying only 300 000 µm3. To provide an equivalent surface, a spherical cell body would be 340 µm in diameter and consume 20 000 000 µm3. The fa ...
... of the surface area of a motor neuron (excluding the axon) is dendritic (Ulfhake and Kellerth 1981). The dendrites have 370 000 µm2 of surface area while occupying only 300 000 µm3. To provide an equivalent surface, a spherical cell body would be 340 µm in diameter and consume 20 000 000 µm3. The fa ...
local connectivity between neurons of the rat globus pallidus
... demonstrated the presence of local axon collaterals arising from neurons of the GP (Iwahori and Mizuno, 1981; Francois et al., 1984; Millhouse, 1986). Similarly, intracellular labelling, juxtacellular labelling, single-axon tracing studies (Park et al., 1982; Kita and Kitai, 1994; Bevan et al., 1998 ...
... demonstrated the presence of local axon collaterals arising from neurons of the GP (Iwahori and Mizuno, 1981; Francois et al., 1984; Millhouse, 1986). Similarly, intracellular labelling, juxtacellular labelling, single-axon tracing studies (Park et al., 1982; Kita and Kitai, 1994; Bevan et al., 1998 ...
Role of the Preoptic-Anterior Hypothalamus in
... from the preoptic region, controlling all thermoregulatory responses (i.e., heat loss, heat retention, and heat production). The majority (160%) of preoptic neurons are temperature insensitive (labeled as I in figure 3) and show little or no change in their firing rates during changes in Tpo. Most l ...
... from the preoptic region, controlling all thermoregulatory responses (i.e., heat loss, heat retention, and heat production). The majority (160%) of preoptic neurons are temperature insensitive (labeled as I in figure 3) and show little or no change in their firing rates during changes in Tpo. Most l ...
Nervous System
... Electrochemical gradients: the sum of the chemical and electrical forces acting on a specific ion across the cell membrane ...
... Electrochemical gradients: the sum of the chemical and electrical forces acting on a specific ion across the cell membrane ...
Intelligent agents capable of developing memory of their environment
... that the neurons in the nervous system are part of the phenotype which is derived from the genotype through a process called development [Kumar, 2003]. The information specified in the genotype determines some aspects of nervous system, which specifies the rules of developing the nervous system base ...
... that the neurons in the nervous system are part of the phenotype which is derived from the genotype through a process called development [Kumar, 2003]. The information specified in the genotype determines some aspects of nervous system, which specifies the rules of developing the nervous system base ...
commissural axons
... the nervous system? Our experimental model is the navigation of the commissural axons in the spinal cord. Commissures are projections that interconnect the two sides of the central nervous system and ensure coordination and integration of motor and sensory commands. A crucial step in their navigatio ...
... the nervous system? Our experimental model is the navigation of the commissural axons in the spinal cord. Commissures are projections that interconnect the two sides of the central nervous system and ensure coordination and integration of motor and sensory commands. A crucial step in their navigatio ...
A cellular mechanism for cortical associations: an organizing
... occurs on very different timescales (10s versus 100s of ms) and via very different mechanisms. This gives the cortex the capability of exquisite control of dendritic plateau potentials and their contribution to the generation of output spikes. Some inhibitory neurons, such as Martinotti ...
... occurs on very different timescales (10s versus 100s of ms) and via very different mechanisms. This gives the cortex the capability of exquisite control of dendritic plateau potentials and their contribution to the generation of output spikes. Some inhibitory neurons, such as Martinotti ...
FREE Sample Here
... A. all neurons produce an action potential at the same time or none at all. B. all of the extracellular sodium enters the axon, or none at all. C. once an axon reaches threshold, the amplitude and velocity of an action potential are nearly equal each time. D. neurons are either active all the time o ...
... A. all neurons produce an action potential at the same time or none at all. B. all of the extracellular sodium enters the axon, or none at all. C. once an axon reaches threshold, the amplitude and velocity of an action potential are nearly equal each time. D. neurons are either active all the time o ...
Cellular Mechanisms in the Amygdala Involved in Memory
... fear in their minds deeply might fall into fear-related disorders in future. Fear is a conserved emotion in response to danger and triggers some defensive mechanisms for adapting to threatening events for survival. Moreover, fear can lead to a number of anxiety disorders when aberrantly expressed. D ...
... fear in their minds deeply might fall into fear-related disorders in future. Fear is a conserved emotion in response to danger and triggers some defensive mechanisms for adapting to threatening events for survival. Moreover, fear can lead to a number of anxiety disorders when aberrantly expressed. D ...
INTRAANALYZER CONDITIONED REFLEX PROPERTIES OF TWO
... of a signal stimulus. Interconnected activity was intensified between closely spaced neurons and those spaced a t tens and hundreds of microns. However, the development of conditioned inhibition was marked by a n especially high level in the interaction of closely spaced neurons and a considerable ...
... of a signal stimulus. Interconnected activity was intensified between closely spaced neurons and those spaced a t tens and hundreds of microns. However, the development of conditioned inhibition was marked by a n especially high level in the interaction of closely spaced neurons and a considerable ...
The Origins of Two-State Spontaneous Membrane Potential
... rapidly activating inwardly rectifying potassium-selective current known to be present in these cells (Kita et al., 1984; Kawaguchi et al., 1989; Uchimura et al., 1989; Jiang and North, 1991; Nisenbaum and Wilson, 1995). When the volume of excitatory input falls below the amount required to maintain ...
... rapidly activating inwardly rectifying potassium-selective current known to be present in these cells (Kita et al., 1984; Kawaguchi et al., 1989; Uchimura et al., 1989; Jiang and North, 1991; Nisenbaum and Wilson, 1995). When the volume of excitatory input falls below the amount required to maintain ...
Interactions between Adjacent Ganglia Bring About the Bilaterally
... in other, neighboringganglia.Evidence of suchinteractions was previously obtained by transecting the embryonic nerve cord prior to the appearanceof AS neuron asymmetry. Transections of the posterior nerve cord significantly reducedthe probability of CAS neuron alternation in the vicinity of the lesi ...
... in other, neighboringganglia.Evidence of suchinteractions was previously obtained by transecting the embryonic nerve cord prior to the appearanceof AS neuron asymmetry. Transections of the posterior nerve cord significantly reducedthe probability of CAS neuron alternation in the vicinity of the lesi ...
Article
... network. Each line represents the voltage of a single neuron in response to two identical events separated by 100 ms. The first 100 lines represent 100 Ex units (out of 400), and the remaining lines represent 25 Inh units (out of 100). Each input produces a depolarization across all neurons in the n ...
... network. Each line represents the voltage of a single neuron in response to two identical events separated by 100 ms. The first 100 lines represent 100 Ex units (out of 400), and the remaining lines represent 25 Inh units (out of 100). Each input produces a depolarization across all neurons in the n ...
Changes in GABA Modulation During a Theta Cycle May Be
... (Skaggs et al., 1996). Thus, oscillations in GABAB suppression, which may underlie experimentally observed changes in the strength of synaptic transmission (Wyble et al., 1997), may also optimize sequence disambiguation. Alternatively, synaptic depression due to previous transmission (Markram & Tsod ...
... (Skaggs et al., 1996). Thus, oscillations in GABAB suppression, which may underlie experimentally observed changes in the strength of synaptic transmission (Wyble et al., 1997), may also optimize sequence disambiguation. Alternatively, synaptic depression due to previous transmission (Markram & Tsod ...
Motor functions
... patellar,etc) are diminished or absenthyporeflexia or areflexia. • Superficial reflexes are normal. The term superficial reflexes is given to muscle responses evoked by cutaneous stimuli Those in common clinical use include the abdomunal and cremasteric reflexes. ...
... patellar,etc) are diminished or absenthyporeflexia or areflexia. • Superficial reflexes are normal. The term superficial reflexes is given to muscle responses evoked by cutaneous stimuli Those in common clinical use include the abdomunal and cremasteric reflexes. ...
mRNA at the Synapse - Journal of Neuroscience
... Figure 1. Electron micrographs of the MF-CA3 synapse. a, MF-CA3 synapse in stratum lucidum of hippocampal area CA3 (from Chicurel and Harris, 1992). b, MF-CA3 synaptosomal preparation. Arrows indicate ribosome clusters; arrowheads indicate PSDs. MF, MF boutons; D, dendritic spines; A, astrocyte proc ...
... Figure 1. Electron micrographs of the MF-CA3 synapse. a, MF-CA3 synapse in stratum lucidum of hippocampal area CA3 (from Chicurel and Harris, 1992). b, MF-CA3 synaptosomal preparation. Arrows indicate ribosome clusters; arrowheads indicate PSDs. MF, MF boutons; D, dendritic spines; A, astrocyte proc ...
Searching for lost memories, Sudoku, and related ills of the brain
... familiar face, presented in isolation on a blank background, can be recognized in 150 milliseconds. Rolls has argued (on the basis of the firing rates of neurons, the number of synapses and lengths of axons in the pathway between LGN and motor cortex, the known time delays between retina and LGN, an ...
... familiar face, presented in isolation on a blank background, can be recognized in 150 milliseconds. Rolls has argued (on the basis of the firing rates of neurons, the number of synapses and lengths of axons in the pathway between LGN and motor cortex, the known time delays between retina and LGN, an ...
May 11, 04copy.doc
... Furthermore, electrolytic lesion of thalamus in the newborn decreases α1 in layers III-IV, but increases α2, α3, and α5 in the same SI layers (Paysan, 1997). When whiskers are trimmed during a critical period of early postnatal development, stimulation of the regrown whiskers causes a degraded tunin ...
... Furthermore, electrolytic lesion of thalamus in the newborn decreases α1 in layers III-IV, but increases α2, α3, and α5 in the same SI layers (Paysan, 1997). When whiskers are trimmed during a critical period of early postnatal development, stimulation of the regrown whiskers causes a degraded tunin ...
The hippocampal–striatal axis in learning, prediction and
... association between an organism’s state or action and its outcome is cached (i.e. stored, captured) in a scalar signal summarizing its long-term value, without specifying the nature or features of the outcome. This class contrasts with model-based approaches, in which state or action associations wi ...
... association between an organism’s state or action and its outcome is cached (i.e. stored, captured) in a scalar signal summarizing its long-term value, without specifying the nature or features of the outcome. This class contrasts with model-based approaches, in which state or action associations wi ...
15. Nervous System: Autonomic Nervous System
... nerves. The axons of somatic motor neurons synapse with skeletal muscles. All somatic motor neurons release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) from their synaptic knobs. ACh is always excitatory at synapses with skeletal muscle fibers; a synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber is cal ...
... nerves. The axons of somatic motor neurons synapse with skeletal muscles. All somatic motor neurons release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) from their synaptic knobs. ACh is always excitatory at synapses with skeletal muscle fibers; a synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber is cal ...
Biosc_48_Chapter_9_lecture
... 1) Located on presynaptic axons 2) When stimulated, result in inhibition of norepinephrine release in the synapse a) May be a negative-feedback system b) Some drugs to lower blood pressure act on these α2 receptors to inhibit presynaptic neurons in the brain, inhibiting the whole sympathoadrenal sys ...
... 1) Located on presynaptic axons 2) When stimulated, result in inhibition of norepinephrine release in the synapse a) May be a negative-feedback system b) Some drugs to lower blood pressure act on these α2 receptors to inhibit presynaptic neurons in the brain, inhibiting the whole sympathoadrenal sys ...
The Nervous System
... energy. Conversely, after a feast (alligator steak, anyone?), we must digest the meal and store the energy. Almost ever y organ of your body has dual innervation, meaning that it is stimulated and controlled by both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions. The two systems work antagonistic ...
... energy. Conversely, after a feast (alligator steak, anyone?), we must digest the meal and store the energy. Almost ever y organ of your body has dual innervation, meaning that it is stimulated and controlled by both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions. The two systems work antagonistic ...
Effect of deep brain stimulation on substantia nigra neurons in a
... DBS is a surgical treatment method developed in the last decade, and is recognized as a new milestone for treatment of PD since the introduction of levodopa. Through continuous high-frequency stimulation regulating neural network function, DBS realigns the balance in basal ganglia motor circuits, wh ...
... DBS is a surgical treatment method developed in the last decade, and is recognized as a new milestone for treatment of PD since the introduction of levodopa. Through continuous high-frequency stimulation regulating neural network function, DBS realigns the balance in basal ganglia motor circuits, wh ...
Nonsynaptic plasticity
Nonsynaptic plasticity is a form of neuroplasticity that involves modification of ion channel function in the axon, dendrites, and cell body that results in specific changes in the integration of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs). Nonsynaptic plasticity is a modification of the intrinsic excitability of the neuron. It interacts with synaptic plasticity, but it is considered a separate entity from synaptic plasticity. Intrinsic modification of the electrical properties of neurons plays a role in many aspects of plasticity from homeostatic plasticity to learning and memory itself. Nonsynaptic plasticity affects synaptic integration, subthreshold propagation, spike generation, and other fundamental mechanisms of neurons at the cellular level. These individual neuronal alterations can result in changes in higher brain function, especially learning and memory. However, as an emerging field in neuroscience, much of the knowledge about nonsynaptic plasticity is uncertain and still requires further investigation to better define its role in brain function and behavior.