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Joshua A
Joshua A

Dr. Krzysztof Ostaszewski, FSA, CFA, MAAA Actuarial Program
Dr. Krzysztof Ostaszewski, FSA, CFA, MAAA Actuarial Program

... earnings per share (the earnings are generally profits expected at the end of the year). The P/E ratio is generally used for relative valuation of firms, i.e. to compare financial performance among firms. High P/E ratio means higher value for the same amount of profits. Some research shows that inve ...
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BNZ Weekly Overview

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Investment vs. Saving Why investing?

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06.09.11 Presentation fr 2010 Innovation Award Winner. White

[Ke E/(E+D)] + [Kd D/(E+D)]
[Ke E/(E+D)] + [Kd D/(E+D)]

Analysis and comparison of methods of risk
Analysis and comparison of methods of risk

international parity conditions.
international parity conditions.

... exchanges the dollars back to yen to repay the loan, pocketing the difference as arbitrage profit. If the spot rate at the end of the period is roughly the same as at the start, or the yen has fallen in value against the dollar, the investor profits. If, however, the yen were to appreciate versus th ...
Understanding RBC Target Maturity Corporate Bond ETFs
Understanding RBC Target Maturity Corporate Bond ETFs

Will an inverted yield curve predict the next recession … again
Will an inverted yield curve predict the next recession … again

LAWS OF LOANS
LAWS OF LOANS

... releasing the debt; only afterwards is it praiseworthy for the borrower to say that "even so," he wants to return the money (Mishna Shevi'it 10:8-9.) It seems even more surprising that the Sages themselves provided a way to evade the release altogether, through the mechanism of the prozbol, a specia ...
Buyers Guide to RMB Bonds
Buyers Guide to RMB Bonds

... and others. For example: n interest rate risk: the risk that the value of an investment will fall as interest rates rise. This is closely related to inflation risk - the risk that the value of an investment will be eroded as inflation rates rise (eg. cash is typically low risk but often does not del ...
Analysis of the Effect of Inflation, Interest Rates, and Exchange
Analysis of the Effect of Inflation, Interest Rates, and Exchange

... Exchange rate is a value that a currency has compared to another currency (Krugman, 2001). Tiwari (2003) stated that exchange rate can be divided into two categories, fixed exchange rate and flexible exchange rate. In a fixed exchange rate, it is set by the government, whereas flexible exchange rate ...
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GASB`s New Pension Standards: Setting the Record Straight

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Practice Set 1

... 2. In the market for loanable funds, suppose the current interest rate is 5%. At a rate of 5%, investors wish to borrow $100 million and savers wish to save $125 million. We would expect: A. the interest rate to fall as there is currently a shortage of loanable funds. B. the interest rate to rise as ...
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Analysis of IDC EMEA Top 10 announcement (prelim)

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crowding

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BACK TO THE FUTURE FOR THE FED

... March 4, 1951 that the Federal Reserve and the U.S. Treasury reached an historic accord that restored policy independence to the Fed after a nine-year period of fiscal dominance by the Treasury. The question today is whether we are entering a new period of fiscal dominance in which the Fed will have ...
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Inflation Report February 2006

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

... Features of OTC Markets  1. The management of counter-party (credit) risk is decentralized and located within individual institutions,  2. There are no formal centralized limits on individual positions, leverage, or margining,  3. There are no formal rules for risk and burden-sharing,  4. There ...
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4-_chap013_ppt_edited
4-_chap013_ppt_edited

xx - T. Rowe Price
xx - T. Rowe Price

Course # and Course Name
Course # and Course Name

Bond Pricing Theorems Floyd Vest The following Bond Pricing
Bond Pricing Theorems Floyd Vest The following Bond Pricing

< 1 ... 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 ... 178 >

Present value

In economics, present value, also known as present discounted value, is the value of an expected income stream determined as of the date of valuation. The present value is always less than or equal to the future value because money has interest-earning potential, a characteristic referred to as the time value of money, except during times of negative interest rates, when the present value will be greater than the future value. Time value can be described with the simplified phrase, “A dollar today is worth more than a dollar tomorrow”. Here, 'worth more' means that its value is greater. A dollar today is worth more than a dollar tomorrow because the dollar can be invested and earn a day's worth of interest, making the total accumulate to a value more than a dollar by tomorrow. Interest can be compared to rent. Just as rent is paid to a landlord by a tenant, without the ownership of the asset being transferred, interest is paid to a lender by a borrower who gains access to the money for a time before paying it back. By letting the borrower have access to the money, the lender has sacrificed the exchange value of this money, and is compensated for it in the form of interest. The initial amount of the borrowed funds (the present value) is less than the total amount of money paid to the lender.Present value calculations, and similarly future value calculations, are used to value loans, mortgages, annuities, sinking funds, perpetuities, bonds, and more. These calculations are used to make comparisons between cash flows that don’t occur at simultaneous times. The idea is much like algebra, where variable units must be consistent in order to compare or carry out addition and subtraction; time dates must be consistent in order to make comparisons between values or carry out simple calculations. When deciding between projects in which to invest, the choice can be made by comparing respective present values of such projects by means of discounting the expected income streams at the corresponding project interest rate, or rate of return. The project with the highest present value, i.e. that is most valuable today, should be chosen.
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