Sense Organs
... graded voltage change across the plasma membrane of the receptor cell. The receptor potential may cause a receptor cell (which is not always a neuron) to release a neurotransmitter that stimulates an adjacent neuron. If the receptor itself is a neuron and the voltage reaches threshold, the neuron fi ...
... graded voltage change across the plasma membrane of the receptor cell. The receptor potential may cause a receptor cell (which is not always a neuron) to release a neurotransmitter that stimulates an adjacent neuron. If the receptor itself is a neuron and the voltage reaches threshold, the neuron fi ...
Lectin and Peptide Expression in Nodose
... their function in the peripheral nervous system remains unclear. Their expressions are is not also limited to the neuronal cells. They are expressed by a variety of cell types (22, 25, 26). Due to their selective affinity for carbohydrate residues, lectins have been widely used for identifying the e ...
... their function in the peripheral nervous system remains unclear. Their expressions are is not also limited to the neuronal cells. They are expressed by a variety of cell types (22, 25, 26). Due to their selective affinity for carbohydrate residues, lectins have been widely used for identifying the e ...
Zebrafish Get Connected: Investigating Neurotransmission Targets
... glycine receptors. Each class of ligand-gated ion channels can be further divided based on if the channel is anion or cation specific, with glycine and GABAA receptors being anionic and 5-HT3 and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors being cationic for example [40]. Metabotropic receptors act through se ...
... glycine receptors. Each class of ligand-gated ion channels can be further divided based on if the channel is anion or cation specific, with glycine and GABAA receptors being anionic and 5-HT3 and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors being cationic for example [40]. Metabotropic receptors act through se ...
RESOURCE - Synthetic Neurobiology Group
... the hundreds of available Cre driver lines, this optimized toolbox of reporter mice will enable widespread investigations of neural circuit function with unprecedented reliability and accuracy. A major challenge in neuroscience is to understand how brain functions are mediated by particular cell typ ...
... the hundreds of available Cre driver lines, this optimized toolbox of reporter mice will enable widespread investigations of neural circuit function with unprecedented reliability and accuracy. A major challenge in neuroscience is to understand how brain functions are mediated by particular cell typ ...
Optical recording of electrical activity in intact neuronal networks
... neuroscience is how simple processes in neurons can generate cognitive functions and form complex memories like those experienced by humans and animals. In principle, if one were able to record from all the neurons in a network involved in a given behavior, it would be possible to reconstruct the r ...
... neuroscience is how simple processes in neurons can generate cognitive functions and form complex memories like those experienced by humans and animals. In principle, if one were able to record from all the neurons in a network involved in a given behavior, it would be possible to reconstruct the r ...
Chemosensory Systems
... sour [acids, which are also irritants, activating the common chemical sense]. Species differences can be tremendous, especially for the many compounds with bitter tastes. 4. Stimulus-receptor interaction occurs in taste-bud pores, into which taste-bud cells project microvilli. Membrane ion channels ...
... sour [acids, which are also irritants, activating the common chemical sense]. Species differences can be tremendous, especially for the many compounds with bitter tastes. 4. Stimulus-receptor interaction occurs in taste-bud pores, into which taste-bud cells project microvilli. Membrane ion channels ...
Pyrokinin/PBAN-like peptides in the central nervous system of
... physiological and behavioral functions. Pyrokinin (PK)/pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptides (PBAN) are a large family of insect neuropeptides characterized by a common C-terminal pentapeptide, FXPRLamide (Raina and G. Kempe, 1992). A variety of physiological functions for this family of p ...
... physiological and behavioral functions. Pyrokinin (PK)/pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptides (PBAN) are a large family of insect neuropeptides characterized by a common C-terminal pentapeptide, FXPRLamide (Raina and G. Kempe, 1992). A variety of physiological functions for this family of p ...
Skeletal System
... – Located in the musculoskeletal organs such as skeletal muscles, tendons, joints and ligaments – Proprioceptors monitor the degree of stretch of these locomotor organs and send input to the ...
... – Located in the musculoskeletal organs such as skeletal muscles, tendons, joints and ligaments – Proprioceptors monitor the degree of stretch of these locomotor organs and send input to the ...
17 Human Single Unit Activity for Reach and Grasp Motor Prostheses
... closing of a robotic fist (Hochberg et al., 2006). Truccolo et al. (2008) found that more than 80% of the cells in MI were tuned to observed position and velocity of a target in a pursuittracking task. In addition, Truccolo et al. (2008) reported that the intended target was decoded with an accuracy ...
... closing of a robotic fist (Hochberg et al., 2006). Truccolo et al. (2008) found that more than 80% of the cells in MI were tuned to observed position and velocity of a target in a pursuittracking task. In addition, Truccolo et al. (2008) reported that the intended target was decoded with an accuracy ...
PAX: A mixed hardware/software simulation platform for
... computing the neurons‟ asynchronous spikes. Neuron models can precisely describe the biophysics of spikes (action potentials) by computing the currents flowing through cell membrane and synaptic nodes. It is possible to reduce the size of these models to facilitate their computation. Other popular m ...
... computing the neurons‟ asynchronous spikes. Neuron models can precisely describe the biophysics of spikes (action potentials) by computing the currents flowing through cell membrane and synaptic nodes. It is possible to reduce the size of these models to facilitate their computation. Other popular m ...
Diversity and wiring variability of visual local neurons in the
... The Drosophila optic lobe contains four neuropils, each representing a different stage of visual processing: the lamina, medulla, lobula, and lobula plate (Morante and Desplan, 2004). Starting with the compound eye, visual signals are transmitted through a twodimensional array of modular longitudina ...
... The Drosophila optic lobe contains four neuropils, each representing a different stage of visual processing: the lamina, medulla, lobula, and lobula plate (Morante and Desplan, 2004). Starting with the compound eye, visual signals are transmitted through a twodimensional array of modular longitudina ...
Poster
... injured spines complex and nearly impossible. This is even more drastic when we take into account that the spine is a part of the central nervous system, controlled directly from the motor cortex in the brain, and if it does not function properly, there can be major repercussions in terms of movemen ...
... injured spines complex and nearly impossible. This is even more drastic when we take into account that the spine is a part of the central nervous system, controlled directly from the motor cortex in the brain, and if it does not function properly, there can be major repercussions in terms of movemen ...
The horizontal brain slice preparation: a novel approach for
... The first step for preparing the horizontal brain slice brain preparation is equivalent to the whole brain preparation described by Wu et al. (1996) and Pratt and Aizenman (2007). For this, tadpoles are anesthetized in Steinberg’s solution containing 0.02% MS-222, moved to the recording dish, and pi ...
... The first step for preparing the horizontal brain slice brain preparation is equivalent to the whole brain preparation described by Wu et al. (1996) and Pratt and Aizenman (2007). For this, tadpoles are anesthetized in Steinberg’s solution containing 0.02% MS-222, moved to the recording dish, and pi ...
Physiological Psychology
... refined through millions of years of evolution to keep you alive when faced with an emergency. The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for fighting or fleeing by shutting down low-priority systems and putting blood and oxygen into the most necessary parts of the body. Salivation and digesti ...
... refined through millions of years of evolution to keep you alive when faced with an emergency. The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for fighting or fleeing by shutting down low-priority systems and putting blood and oxygen into the most necessary parts of the body. Salivation and digesti ...
Modulation of Cortical Activation and Behavioral Arousal by
... FIGURE 1. Cholinergic, orexinergic, and other neurons involved in sleep–wake state control. Sagittal schematic view of the rat brain depicting neurons with their chemical neurotransmitters and pathways by which they influence cortical activity or behavior across the sleep–wake cycle. Wake (W) is cha ...
... FIGURE 1. Cholinergic, orexinergic, and other neurons involved in sleep–wake state control. Sagittal schematic view of the rat brain depicting neurons with their chemical neurotransmitters and pathways by which they influence cortical activity or behavior across the sleep–wake cycle. Wake (W) is cha ...
Intracellular and extracellular signatures of action potentials
... why mammalian neurons often have characteristically sharp onset in the somatic recordings of action potentials. Until recently, researchers debated on the causes of this so-called ‘kink’. We tested different hypotheses by means of computational modelling. We show that the Critical Resistive Coupling ...
... why mammalian neurons often have characteristically sharp onset in the somatic recordings of action potentials. Until recently, researchers debated on the causes of this so-called ‘kink’. We tested different hypotheses by means of computational modelling. We show that the Critical Resistive Coupling ...
Investigating neural correlates of conscious perception by frequency
... In rivalry trials, one stimulus (s1) was flickered continuously at one frequency (f1) and the other stimulus (s2) was flickered at a different frequency (f2). For each f1-f2 pair, two of the following frequencies were used: 7.41 Hz (one grating-on frame every 9 video frames, at 67 framesysec), 8.33 ...
... In rivalry trials, one stimulus (s1) was flickered continuously at one frequency (f1) and the other stimulus (s2) was flickered at a different frequency (f2). For each f1-f2 pair, two of the following frequencies were used: 7.41 Hz (one grating-on frame every 9 video frames, at 67 framesysec), 8.33 ...
Reflex Activity/Lab
... the motor response is contraction of skeletal muscle, the reflex is called a somatic reflex. If the motor response involves cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, or glands, the reflex is called an autonomic (visceral) reflex. Reflexes mediated by spinal nerves are called spinal reflexes, whereas reflexes m ...
... the motor response is contraction of skeletal muscle, the reflex is called a somatic reflex. If the motor response involves cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, or glands, the reflex is called an autonomic (visceral) reflex. Reflexes mediated by spinal nerves are called spinal reflexes, whereas reflexes m ...
A cellular mechanism for cortical associations: an organizing
... Because feedback targets the apical dendrites of cortical pyramidal neurons in L1, several authors have proposed an important role for these dendrites [16,37–47]. However, all these theories must contend with the fact that the bulk of cortical feedback inputs arrive at the most electrically remote r ...
... Because feedback targets the apical dendrites of cortical pyramidal neurons in L1, several authors have proposed an important role for these dendrites [16,37–47]. However, all these theories must contend with the fact that the bulk of cortical feedback inputs arrive at the most electrically remote r ...
PKA site mutations of ROMK2 channels shift the pH dependence to
... (R2-S25A, R2-S200A, and R2-S294A). Ba2⫹-sensitive outward whole cell currents (holding voltage ⫺50 mV) were measured in two-electrode voltage-clamp experiments in Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing either R2-WT or mutant channels. Intracellular pH (pHi) was measured with pHsensitive microelectrodes i ...
... (R2-S25A, R2-S200A, and R2-S294A). Ba2⫹-sensitive outward whole cell currents (holding voltage ⫺50 mV) were measured in two-electrode voltage-clamp experiments in Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing either R2-WT or mutant channels. Intracellular pH (pHi) was measured with pHsensitive microelectrodes i ...
Chapter 2 The Neural Bases of Learning and Memory
... 8. The synaptic potential created in a distant dendritic branch would most likely be _____ when it arrived at the cell body. a. small c. average b. large d. it depends on where it occurred ANS: A ...
... 8. The synaptic potential created in a distant dendritic branch would most likely be _____ when it arrived at the cell body. a. small c. average b. large d. it depends on where it occurred ANS: A ...
The Switch of Subthalamic Neurons From an Irregular to a Bursting
... baseline activity. Likewise, the recovery was the interval between the offset of the iontophoretic ejection and a stationary firing within 25% of the baseline. For a given vigilance state, comparisons of basal and drug-induced firing rates of the same cells were performed using Student’s t tests fo ...
... baseline activity. Likewise, the recovery was the interval between the offset of the iontophoretic ejection and a stationary firing within 25% of the baseline. For a given vigilance state, comparisons of basal and drug-induced firing rates of the same cells were performed using Student’s t tests fo ...
Alterations in Synaptic Strength Preceding Axon Withdrawal
... E – evoked quantal responses arranged in order of amp. Quantal content of axon 1 is 0.23 and quantal content of axon 2 is 1.20. F- axon 1 shows a gradual decrement in amp. without an obvious cut-off between smallest evoked events and failures. G – axon 2 shows a distinct cut-off between smallest evo ...
... E – evoked quantal responses arranged in order of amp. Quantal content of axon 1 is 0.23 and quantal content of axon 2 is 1.20. F- axon 1 shows a gradual decrement in amp. without an obvious cut-off between smallest evoked events and failures. G – axon 2 shows a distinct cut-off between smallest evo ...
An optical neural interface: in vivo control of
... electrodes remain incapable of reliably targeting specific cell types (e.g. excitatory or inhibitory neurons) within neural tissue. This obstacle has major scientific and clinical implications. For example, there is intense debate among physicians, neuroengineers and neuroscientists regarding the re ...
... electrodes remain incapable of reliably targeting specific cell types (e.g. excitatory or inhibitory neurons) within neural tissue. This obstacle has major scientific and clinical implications. For example, there is intense debate among physicians, neuroengineers and neuroscientists regarding the re ...
Molecular neuroscience
Molecular neuroscience is a branch of neuroscience that observes concepts in molecular biology applied to the nervous systems of animals. The scope of this subject primarily pertains to a reductionist view of neuroscience, considering topics such as molecular neuroanatomy, mechanisms of molecular signaling in the nervous system, the effects of genetics on neuronal development, and the molecular basis for neuroplasticity and neurodegenerative diseases. As with molecular biology, molecular neuroscience is a relatively new field that is considerably dynamic.