High Throughput Nucleofection® of Primary Rat Hippocampal
... in regard to either transfection efficiency or cytotoxicity. The first generation of the Nucleofector® Technology overcame these limitations and allowed biochemical analyses to be performed in primary neurons, e.g., the assessment of protein levels after RNAi downregulation by Western blot (3). The ...
... in regard to either transfection efficiency or cytotoxicity. The first generation of the Nucleofector® Technology overcame these limitations and allowed biochemical analyses to be performed in primary neurons, e.g., the assessment of protein levels after RNAi downregulation by Western blot (3). The ...
Neuronal Activity Shows Link Between Wakefulness and Fight
... Development of a novel measurement system enabled the researchers to record real-time orexin neuronal activity. “We selectively engineered orexin neurons to express a calcium indicator that could be illuminated by an LED light source, and the resultant fluorescence was detected,” corresponding autho ...
... Development of a novel measurement system enabled the researchers to record real-time orexin neuronal activity. “We selectively engineered orexin neurons to express a calcium indicator that could be illuminated by an LED light source, and the resultant fluorescence was detected,” corresponding autho ...
extrasynaptic glutamate does not reach the postsynaptic density
... density (PSD) and activates only extrasynaptic receptors, modulating the excitability of the neurons. The inhibition of excitability of the CA1 neurons by Glu can be related at least partially to the activation of metabotropic (mGlu) receptors. According to Garaschuk et al. [20], ACPD, selective ago ...
... density (PSD) and activates only extrasynaptic receptors, modulating the excitability of the neurons. The inhibition of excitability of the CA1 neurons by Glu can be related at least partially to the activation of metabotropic (mGlu) receptors. According to Garaschuk et al. [20], ACPD, selective ago ...
Orexin (Hypocretin)-Like Immunoreactivity in the Cat Hypothalamus
... food deprivation. These observations suggest that a major function of the orexins is likely to be involved in the regulation of feeding behavior (reviewed in Ref. 3). Although neurons containing orexins are located exclusively in the LHA, axon terminals of orexin-containing neurons and orexin recept ...
... food deprivation. These observations suggest that a major function of the orexins is likely to be involved in the regulation of feeding behavior (reviewed in Ref. 3). Although neurons containing orexins are located exclusively in the LHA, axon terminals of orexin-containing neurons and orexin recept ...
Neurons with Two Sites of Synaptic Integration Learn Invariant
... described by two main variables, corresponding to the two sites of integration (see Figure 1F): A is referred to as the activity of the neuron, and D represents the average potential at the apical dendrite. We simulate a rate coding neural network where a unit’s output is a real number representing ...
... described by two main variables, corresponding to the two sites of integration (see Figure 1F): A is referred to as the activity of the neuron, and D represents the average potential at the apical dendrite. We simulate a rate coding neural network where a unit’s output is a real number representing ...
A theoretical analysis of the ephaptic feedback mechanism
... by substituting reasonable values for the two free parameters, p and T . Two free parameters, for which no precise values are currently available, are still present in the model: p , the fraction of glutamate gated channels on the tip of the horizontal cell dendrites, and T , the tortuosity factor w ...
... by substituting reasonable values for the two free parameters, p and T . Two free parameters, for which no precise values are currently available, are still present in the model: p , the fraction of glutamate gated channels on the tip of the horizontal cell dendrites, and T , the tortuosity factor w ...
2MemTrans
... 1. A membrane transport protein has a "transporter" mechanism if: A. it forms an open pore through which a molecule can diffuse. B. an electrochemical gradient is necessary for transport to occur. C. it only allows transport "down" a concentration gradient. D. molecules are transported in opposite d ...
... 1. A membrane transport protein has a "transporter" mechanism if: A. it forms an open pore through which a molecule can diffuse. B. an electrochemical gradient is necessary for transport to occur. C. it only allows transport "down" a concentration gradient. D. molecules are transported in opposite d ...
Exam #1
... d. the duplication of DNA molecules in the nucleus 37. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of enzymes? a. They speed up the rate of chemical reactions but are not used up in the process. b. They are all proteins. c. They are most active at low temperatures around 53 degrees C. d. They hav ...
... d. the duplication of DNA molecules in the nucleus 37. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of enzymes? a. They speed up the rate of chemical reactions but are not used up in the process. b. They are all proteins. c. They are most active at low temperatures around 53 degrees C. d. They hav ...
Heterotopic Neurons with Altered Inhibitory Synaptic Function in an
... analysis. Although the decay curves of a small fraction of sIPSCs could be fit by double-exponential functions, following the examples of DeFazio and Hablitz (1998) or Taketo and Yoshioka (2000), all decay constants were expediently analyzed using single-exponential functions. Representative individ ...
... analysis. Although the decay curves of a small fraction of sIPSCs could be fit by double-exponential functions, following the examples of DeFazio and Hablitz (1998) or Taketo and Yoshioka (2000), all decay constants were expediently analyzed using single-exponential functions. Representative individ ...
Chapter 14-Nervous Tissue
... suffered same break as Christopher Reeve. Sustained only limited mobility in his neck ...
... suffered same break as Christopher Reeve. Sustained only limited mobility in his neck ...
TESIS DOCTORAL Dynamics and Synchronization in Neuronal Models
... meshwork. Using a histological staining technique, Cajal could resolve in detail the structure and concluded that the nervous system was composed of individual neurons rather than a continuum. For this discovery, Cajal was awarded with the 1906 Nobel Price in Medicine. Nowadays, neuroscience is a br ...
... meshwork. Using a histological staining technique, Cajal could resolve in detail the structure and concluded that the nervous system was composed of individual neurons rather than a continuum. For this discovery, Cajal was awarded with the 1906 Nobel Price in Medicine. Nowadays, neuroscience is a br ...
The Cell, 5e
... target-organ unresponsiveness to parathyroid hormone (a poplypeptide hormone secreted by the parathyroid gland). One of the mutations that causes this diseases occurs in the gene encoding Gsa in certain cells. 3. The receptor for parathyroid hormone is most likely which one of the following: A. An i ...
... target-organ unresponsiveness to parathyroid hormone (a poplypeptide hormone secreted by the parathyroid gland). One of the mutations that causes this diseases occurs in the gene encoding Gsa in certain cells. 3. The receptor for parathyroid hormone is most likely which one of the following: A. An i ...
chapter 10 slides
... Potassium ions rush out of the neuron after sodium ions rush in, which repolarizes the membrane The sodium-potassium pump restores the original configuration This action requires ATP Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... Potassium ions rush out of the neuron after sodium ions rush in, which repolarizes the membrane The sodium-potassium pump restores the original configuration This action requires ATP Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
Ionotropic glutamate receptors
... al., 2001b). These results demonstrate the advantage of combining genetic, molecular, behavioral and electrophysiological analyses of nervous system function. ...
... al., 2001b). These results demonstrate the advantage of combining genetic, molecular, behavioral and electrophysiological analyses of nervous system function. ...
Cell signaling by chemical messengers
... cAMP can also directly regulate ion channels: • second messenger in sensing smells — odorant receptors are G protein-coupled; stimulate adenylyl cyclase, leading to an increase in cAMP. • cAMP opens Na+ channels in plasma membrane, leading to initiation of a nerve impulse. ...
... cAMP can also directly regulate ion channels: • second messenger in sensing smells — odorant receptors are G protein-coupled; stimulate adenylyl cyclase, leading to an increase in cAMP. • cAMP opens Na+ channels in plasma membrane, leading to initiation of a nerve impulse. ...
Functional Synaptic Contacts by Intranuclear
... synapses onto intralaminar interneurons. studied in the geniculate lamina. The dendritic trees of the cells were always perpendicular to the long axis of lamina A1 (Lam. A1). Such an arrangement provides an addi- A, B, Right panels show higher magnification of interneurons. Note the small soma size ...
... synapses onto intralaminar interneurons. studied in the geniculate lamina. The dendritic trees of the cells were always perpendicular to the long axis of lamina A1 (Lam. A1). Such an arrangement provides an addi- A, B, Right panels show higher magnification of interneurons. Note the small soma size ...
Picture 2.12. Some of the more often used neuron`s
... Comparing this illustration with pictures 2.4 or 2.5 you will realise how far neural networks’ researchers simplify biological reality. ...
... Comparing this illustration with pictures 2.4 or 2.5 you will realise how far neural networks’ researchers simplify biological reality. ...
The importance of mixed selectivity in complex
... Consequently, nonlinear mixed selectivity neurons are “most useful, but also most fragile” This non-linearity, ensemble coding comes bundled with an ability for these neurons to quickly adapt to execute new tasks. Is this similar to the olfactory system and grid cells (minus modularity)? ...
... Consequently, nonlinear mixed selectivity neurons are “most useful, but also most fragile” This non-linearity, ensemble coding comes bundled with an ability for these neurons to quickly adapt to execute new tasks. Is this similar to the olfactory system and grid cells (minus modularity)? ...
Simulation of myelinated neuron with focus on conduction speed
... Although this comparison is not exact in that the two neurons are made of different types of channel mechanisms, it still clearly showed how minimized number of regeneration process of action potential reduces time needed to travel a given distance. ...
... Although this comparison is not exact in that the two neurons are made of different types of channel mechanisms, it still clearly showed how minimized number of regeneration process of action potential reduces time needed to travel a given distance. ...
Anticipated synchronization in neuronal circuits
... systems coupled in a master-slave configuration when the slave is subject to a negative delayed self-feedback. Many examples of AS dynamics have been found in different systems, however, theoretical and experimental evidence for it in the brain has been lacking. In this thesis work we investigate th ...
... systems coupled in a master-slave configuration when the slave is subject to a negative delayed self-feedback. Many examples of AS dynamics have been found in different systems, however, theoretical and experimental evidence for it in the brain has been lacking. In this thesis work we investigate th ...
Structure of the central nervous system of a juvenile acoel
... show that the central nervous system of a juvenile S. roscoffensis consists of an anterior compact brain, formed by a dense, bilobed mass of neuronal cell bodies surrounding a central neuropile. The neuropile flanks the median statocyst and contains several types of neurites, classified according to ...
... show that the central nervous system of a juvenile S. roscoffensis consists of an anterior compact brain, formed by a dense, bilobed mass of neuronal cell bodies surrounding a central neuropile. The neuropile flanks the median statocyst and contains several types of neurites, classified according to ...
Chemical synapse
Chemical synapses are specialized junctions through which neurons signal to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands. Chemical synapses allow neurons to form circuits within the central nervous system. They are crucial to the biological computations that underlie perception and thought. They allow the nervous system to connect to and control other systems of the body.At a chemical synapse, one neuron releases neurotransmitter molecules into a small space (the synaptic cleft) that is adjacent to another neuron. The neurotransmitters are kept within small sacs called vesicles, and are released into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis. These molecules then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell's side of the synaptic cleft. Finally, the neurotransmitters must be cleared from the synapse through one of several potential mechanisms including enzymatic degradation or re-uptake by specific transporters either on the presynaptic cell or possibly by neuroglia to terminate the action of the transmitter.The adult human brain is estimated to contain from 1014 to 5 × 1014 (100–500 trillion) synapses. Every cubic millimeter of cerebral cortex contains roughly a billion (short scale, i.e. 109) of them.The word ""synapse"" comes from ""synaptein"", which Sir Charles Scott Sherrington and colleagues coined from the Greek ""syn-"" (""together"") and ""haptein"" (""to clasp""). Chemical synapses are not the only type of biological synapse: electrical and immunological synapses also exist. Without a qualifier, however, ""synapse"" commonly means chemical synapse.