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Optical Imaging of Neural Structure and Physiology: Confocal
... afforded by confocal microscopy are derived from its ability to collect optical sections of a thick tissue specimen while rejecting light from out-of-focus components of the specimen (Wilson, 1990; Pawley, 1995). These features have made confocal imaging an indispensable tool for analysis of neural ...
... afforded by confocal microscopy are derived from its ability to collect optical sections of a thick tissue specimen while rejecting light from out-of-focus components of the specimen (Wilson, 1990; Pawley, 1995). These features have made confocal imaging an indispensable tool for analysis of neural ...
Enhancement of Hippocampal Pyramidal Cell Excitability by the
... adjusted to 7.2 (free [Ca2⫹] calculated to be 1 M). Cells were clamped at ⫺80 mV using a List EPC-7 amplifier and voltage pulses ...
... adjusted to 7.2 (free [Ca2⫹] calculated to be 1 M). Cells were clamped at ⫺80 mV using a List EPC-7 amplifier and voltage pulses ...
Input evoked nonlinearities in silicon dendritic circuits
... Pyramidal cells in neocortex and hippocampus have highly complicated dendritic structures, but the computational contribution of the dendritic tree in neuronal processing is still elusive. Experimental evidence suggests that individual dendritic branches can be considered as independent computationa ...
... Pyramidal cells in neocortex and hippocampus have highly complicated dendritic structures, but the computational contribution of the dendritic tree in neuronal processing is still elusive. Experimental evidence suggests that individual dendritic branches can be considered as independent computationa ...
(< 50 m) non-transfected neurons using laser scanning
... constant koff, and binds with rate constant kon. After unbinding, PSD-95 can escape the spine and diffuse along the dendrite to other spines. Short-time diffusion of PSD-95. Here we consider the short-time diffusion of unbound PSD-95paGFP before it has time to associate with a PSD. The low concentra ...
... constant koff, and binds with rate constant kon. After unbinding, PSD-95 can escape the spine and diffuse along the dendrite to other spines. Short-time diffusion of PSD-95. Here we consider the short-time diffusion of unbound PSD-95paGFP before it has time to associate with a PSD. The low concentra ...
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... In autonomous learning, value-sensitive experiences can improve the efficiency of learning. A learning network needs be motivated so that the limited computational resources and the limited lifetime are devoted to events that are of high value for the agent to compete in its environment. The neuromo ...
... In autonomous learning, value-sensitive experiences can improve the efficiency of learning. A learning network needs be motivated so that the limited computational resources and the limited lifetime are devoted to events that are of high value for the agent to compete in its environment. The neuromo ...
Calcium absorption and metabolism
... o Coagulopathy doesn’t occur with hypocalcaemia → to get that low would be incompatible with life - Muscle contraction: excitation-contraction coupling - Excitation-Secretion: Secretion for endocrine & exocrine organs require Ca2+ influx. Neurotransmitter release as well. - Structural support: Ca2+ ...
... o Coagulopathy doesn’t occur with hypocalcaemia → to get that low would be incompatible with life - Muscle contraction: excitation-contraction coupling - Excitation-Secretion: Secretion for endocrine & exocrine organs require Ca2+ influx. Neurotransmitter release as well. - Structural support: Ca2+ ...
Subthalamic Stimulation-Induced Synaptic Responses in Substantia
... The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked “advertisement” in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. ...
... The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked “advertisement” in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. ...
Visual Motion-Detection Circuits in Flies: Small
... Measurements. The depth at which each component of each cell type occurs in the medulla can be standardized as a percentage of total medulla depth (Strausfeld and Lee, 1991). Depths are given as a percentage of the total depth of either the outer or inner medulla layer, the two layers being separate ...
... Measurements. The depth at which each component of each cell type occurs in the medulla can be standardized as a percentage of total medulla depth (Strausfeld and Lee, 1991). Depths are given as a percentage of the total depth of either the outer or inner medulla layer, the two layers being separate ...
Dopamine Modulates the Activity of Sensory Hair Cells
... The neurotransmitter dopamine acts in a paracrine fashion (diffusion over a short distance) in several tissues and bodily organs, influencing and regulating their activity. The cellular target and mechanism of the action of dopamine in mechanosensory organs, such as the inner ear and lateral-line or ...
... The neurotransmitter dopamine acts in a paracrine fashion (diffusion over a short distance) in several tissues and bodily organs, influencing and regulating their activity. The cellular target and mechanism of the action of dopamine in mechanosensory organs, such as the inner ear and lateral-line or ...
Combinatorial Marking of Cells and Organelles with Split
... identify cells that coexpress different promoters be used demonstrate changes in gene expression also be used to identify cells expressing a particular gene be used to label cell constituents in a restricted set of cells ...
... identify cells that coexpress different promoters be used demonstrate changes in gene expression also be used to identify cells expressing a particular gene be used to label cell constituents in a restricted set of cells ...
Functional expression of P2 receptors in the inner ear of chicken
... Fig. 2. Effect of a P2Y agonist (2MeSATP) and a P2Y antagonist (Reactive Blue 2) on the basal discharge of vestibular afferents at different developmental ages. (A) 2MeSATP dose-response-age curve fitting with the Hill equation yielded (E15) EC50 = 2.86 × 10−6 (pEC50 = 5.543 ± 0.1354); nH = 0.83 ± 0. ...
... Fig. 2. Effect of a P2Y agonist (2MeSATP) and a P2Y antagonist (Reactive Blue 2) on the basal discharge of vestibular afferents at different developmental ages. (A) 2MeSATP dose-response-age curve fitting with the Hill equation yielded (E15) EC50 = 2.86 × 10−6 (pEC50 = 5.543 ± 0.1354); nH = 0.83 ± 0. ...
Induction of c-fos Expression in Hypothalamic Magnocellular
... pressure and the injection of oxytocin intravenously (i.v.), respectively. Mammary gland responsiveness was checked with single injections of 0.25-l mU of oxytocin (Syntocinon, Sandoz Pharmaceuticals, UK). For cranial surgery, the rats were positioned in a stereotaxic frame with the dorsal surface o ...
... pressure and the injection of oxytocin intravenously (i.v.), respectively. Mammary gland responsiveness was checked with single injections of 0.25-l mU of oxytocin (Syntocinon, Sandoz Pharmaceuticals, UK). For cranial surgery, the rats were positioned in a stereotaxic frame with the dorsal surface o ...
Role of the Preoptic-Anterior Hypothalamus in
... from the preoptic region, controlling all thermoregulatory responses (i.e., heat loss, heat retention, and heat production). The majority (160%) of preoptic neurons are temperature insensitive (labeled as I in figure 3) and show little or no change in their firing rates during changes in Tpo. Most l ...
... from the preoptic region, controlling all thermoregulatory responses (i.e., heat loss, heat retention, and heat production). The majority (160%) of preoptic neurons are temperature insensitive (labeled as I in figure 3) and show little or no change in their firing rates during changes in Tpo. Most l ...
Vesicle formation and targeting is a multi
... LDL is transferred to lysosome (fusion of vesicles from TGN) Hydrolytic enzymes cleave LDL, releasing cholesterol to cytoplasm for continued membrane biosynthesis in smooth ER Receptor is recycled back to surface (cycles about every 10 min!) ...
... LDL is transferred to lysosome (fusion of vesicles from TGN) Hydrolytic enzymes cleave LDL, releasing cholesterol to cytoplasm for continued membrane biosynthesis in smooth ER Receptor is recycled back to surface (cycles about every 10 min!) ...
Encoding Information in Neuronal Activity
... lobes of primates have also been found fire maximally in response to particular objects or for faces. The properties of these and many other types of neurons in the central nervous system were discovered by applying the firing rate hypothesis . Strong physiological support for the firing rate hypoth ...
... lobes of primates have also been found fire maximally in response to particular objects or for faces. The properties of these and many other types of neurons in the central nervous system were discovered by applying the firing rate hypothesis . Strong physiological support for the firing rate hypoth ...
Multiple Cell Types Distinguished by Physiological
... FIG . 1. Firing properties of the different types of HVc neurons. A: type I neuron. A1: 300-ms depolarizing current pulse (0.2 nA) applied to the neuron induced repetitive firing of action potentials. Each action potential was followed by a large, long-lasting afterhyperpolarization (AHP). These AHP ...
... FIG . 1. Firing properties of the different types of HVc neurons. A: type I neuron. A1: 300-ms depolarizing current pulse (0.2 nA) applied to the neuron induced repetitive firing of action potentials. Each action potential was followed by a large, long-lasting afterhyperpolarization (AHP). These AHP ...
Membrane Transport
... A phagocytic cell comes in contact with the foreign object and sends pseudopodia (cytoplasmic extensions) around it. ...
... A phagocytic cell comes in contact with the foreign object and sends pseudopodia (cytoplasmic extensions) around it. ...
Primary Culture of Identified Neurons from the Visual Cortex of
... Visual cortex from rat pups 1-15 d old was subjected to enzymatic and mechanical dissociation to yield a suspension of single cells. Neurons plated onto collagen or a feeder layer of astrocytes rapidly extended processes and survived for 4-10 weeks. Antisera to glutamic acid decarboxylase, choline a ...
... Visual cortex from rat pups 1-15 d old was subjected to enzymatic and mechanical dissociation to yield a suspension of single cells. Neurons plated onto collagen or a feeder layer of astrocytes rapidly extended processes and survived for 4-10 weeks. Antisera to glutamic acid decarboxylase, choline a ...
Membrane Properties Underlying the Firing of Neurons in the Avian
... Individual cells were visualized using a 40 x water-immersion lens and Nomarski optics. The electrode was guided onto the cell soma while applying positive pressure to prevent clogging. Upon contact with the cell, negative pressure was applied until a tight seal (> 1 GB) was formed. Further negative ...
... Individual cells were visualized using a 40 x water-immersion lens and Nomarski optics. The electrode was guided onto the cell soma while applying positive pressure to prevent clogging. Upon contact with the cell, negative pressure was applied until a tight seal (> 1 GB) was formed. Further negative ...
Cycle 6: Oscillations and Synchrony
... Oscillations and Synchrony Define Synchrony: - coupling in time (what window?) - Window depends on the ‘observer’, e.g. for a neuron, the time it takes for its postsynaptic potential to decay to baseline, making next input independent rather than summate. The 1/e decay (down to 37%) is called the ‘t ...
... Oscillations and Synchrony Define Synchrony: - coupling in time (what window?) - Window depends on the ‘observer’, e.g. for a neuron, the time it takes for its postsynaptic potential to decay to baseline, making next input independent rather than summate. The 1/e decay (down to 37%) is called the ‘t ...
PDF - Department of Molecular Biology
... [email protected]. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the res ...
... [email protected]. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the res ...
Chemical synapse
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Chemical_synapse_schema_cropped.jpg?width=300)
Chemical synapses are specialized junctions through which neurons signal to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands. Chemical synapses allow neurons to form circuits within the central nervous system. They are crucial to the biological computations that underlie perception and thought. They allow the nervous system to connect to and control other systems of the body.At a chemical synapse, one neuron releases neurotransmitter molecules into a small space (the synaptic cleft) that is adjacent to another neuron. The neurotransmitters are kept within small sacs called vesicles, and are released into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis. These molecules then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell's side of the synaptic cleft. Finally, the neurotransmitters must be cleared from the synapse through one of several potential mechanisms including enzymatic degradation or re-uptake by specific transporters either on the presynaptic cell or possibly by neuroglia to terminate the action of the transmitter.The adult human brain is estimated to contain from 1014 to 5 × 1014 (100–500 trillion) synapses. Every cubic millimeter of cerebral cortex contains roughly a billion (short scale, i.e. 109) of them.The word ""synapse"" comes from ""synaptein"", which Sir Charles Scott Sherrington and colleagues coined from the Greek ""syn-"" (""together"") and ""haptein"" (""to clasp""). Chemical synapses are not the only type of biological synapse: electrical and immunological synapses also exist. Without a qualifier, however, ""synapse"" commonly means chemical synapse.