Sonic Hedgehog Expression in Corticofugal Projection Neurons
... of neurons or glia in these regions during this window of neural development. To assess the involvement of Shh in the regulation of neuronal growth and synaptogenesis, we performed Golgi analysis on P21–P28 brains of ShhcKO mice and wild-type control littermates (Figures 3A–3D). We observed signific ...
... of neurons or glia in these regions during this window of neural development. To assess the involvement of Shh in the regulation of neuronal growth and synaptogenesis, we performed Golgi analysis on P21–P28 brains of ShhcKO mice and wild-type control littermates (Figures 3A–3D). We observed signific ...
Zebrafish and motor control over the last decade
... mammals play similar roles in driving motor output and that they would be a good place to search for excitatory elements in the mammalian central pattern generator. The ability to link neurons across species makes the study of zebrafish more broadly relevant, as the results from fish are being used ...
... mammals play similar roles in driving motor output and that they would be a good place to search for excitatory elements in the mammalian central pattern generator. The ability to link neurons across species makes the study of zebrafish more broadly relevant, as the results from fish are being used ...
Hybrid Scheme for Modeling Local Field Potentials from Point
... conservation, the sum of all transmembrane currents, including all ionic and capacitive currents, must be zero for each neuron. In a point-neuron model, all transmembrane currents are collapsed in a single point in space. The net transmembrane current, and hence the extracellular potential, therefor ...
... conservation, the sum of all transmembrane currents, including all ionic and capacitive currents, must be zero for each neuron. In a point-neuron model, all transmembrane currents are collapsed in a single point in space. The net transmembrane current, and hence the extracellular potential, therefor ...
Synaptic Competition during the Reformation of a Neuromuscular Map
... both branches in the same end plate (Fig. 2 A, B). This dual innervation is seen especially in caudal sectors of the muscle in which previous physiological results indicate greater contribution from the C7 branch (Laskowski and High, 1989). In some cases of multiply innervated junctions, one input o ...
... both branches in the same end plate (Fig. 2 A, B). This dual innervation is seen especially in caudal sectors of the muscle in which previous physiological results indicate greater contribution from the C7 branch (Laskowski and High, 1989). In some cases of multiply innervated junctions, one input o ...
Afferents of dopamine neurons
... Also innervate striatal interneurons Actions mediated through at least two classes of receptors ...
... Also innervate striatal interneurons Actions mediated through at least two classes of receptors ...
How Inhibition Shapes Cortical Activity
... rectifying K+ (GIRK) channels (Lüscher et al., 1997). It has been suggested that synaptically released GABA from a large number of coactive interneurons must be pooled or accumulated to activate GABAB receptors (Isaacson et al., 1993; Scanziani, 2000). Postsynaptic GABAB receptors also inhibit volt ...
... rectifying K+ (GIRK) channels (Lüscher et al., 1997). It has been suggested that synaptically released GABA from a large number of coactive interneurons must be pooled or accumulated to activate GABAB receptors (Isaacson et al., 1993; Scanziani, 2000). Postsynaptic GABAB receptors also inhibit volt ...
Recognition by Variance: Learning Rules for Spatiotemporal Patterns
... (Tuckwell, 1988). Rauch, La Camera, Luscher, Senn, and Fusi (2003) demonstrated experimentally the same behavior in vitro by using in vivo-like current injections to neocortical pyramidal neurons. It is important to note that the variance referred to in this work is the variance over time, and not t ...
... (Tuckwell, 1988). Rauch, La Camera, Luscher, Senn, and Fusi (2003) demonstrated experimentally the same behavior in vitro by using in vivo-like current injections to neocortical pyramidal neurons. It is important to note that the variance referred to in this work is the variance over time, and not t ...
An Introduction to the ANS and Higher
... • Neuromuscular and Neuroglandular Junctions • All release ACh as neurotransmitter • Small, with narrow synaptic clefts • Effects of stimulation are short lived • Inactivated by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) at synapse • ACh is also inactivated by tissue cholinesterase in surrounding tissues ...
... • Neuromuscular and Neuroglandular Junctions • All release ACh as neurotransmitter • Small, with narrow synaptic clefts • Effects of stimulation are short lived • Inactivated by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) at synapse • ACh is also inactivated by tissue cholinesterase in surrounding tissues ...
Mapping synaptic pathology within cerebral cortical circuits in
... Relative strengths of the spinning disk confocal microscope include having more photons reach the detector than in a typical LSCM setup (i.e., a pinhole of 1 Airy unit) (Sandison and Webb, 1994), providing greater fidelity of quantification of fluorescent intensity. Spinning disk confocals also use ...
... Relative strengths of the spinning disk confocal microscope include having more photons reach the detector than in a typical LSCM setup (i.e., a pinhole of 1 Airy unit) (Sandison and Webb, 1994), providing greater fidelity of quantification of fluorescent intensity. Spinning disk confocals also use ...
Reprint (1.52 MB PDF)
... The spatio-temporal patterns of networkwide population activity is described by CA trajectories in this study. The CA indicates the magnitude of total activities and the “inhomogeneity” of the spatial activity distribution. That is, if the network is firing “homogeneously” the CA will be at the cent ...
... The spatio-temporal patterns of networkwide population activity is described by CA trajectories in this study. The CA indicates the magnitude of total activities and the “inhomogeneity” of the spatial activity distribution. That is, if the network is firing “homogeneously” the CA will be at the cent ...
III. μ-Opioid receptors in the enteric nervous system
... and myenteric plexus and in fibers distributed to the muscle, vasculature, and mucosa, as well as in presumed interstitial cells of Cajal in the myenteric plexus and deep muscular plexus (1, 42). By contrast, in the guinea pig, OR immunoreactivity is primarily localized to neurons of the myenteric ...
... and myenteric plexus and in fibers distributed to the muscle, vasculature, and mucosa, as well as in presumed interstitial cells of Cajal in the myenteric plexus and deep muscular plexus (1, 42). By contrast, in the guinea pig, OR immunoreactivity is primarily localized to neurons of the myenteric ...
Axons, but not cell bodies, are activated by electrical stimulation in
... widely employed as a tool in the study of brain physiology for over a century. When axons are directly activated, the action potential can propagate back to the cell body and produce an antidromic activation, which has been used to study the physiology of neurons with identified targets (reviewed by ...
... widely employed as a tool in the study of brain physiology for over a century. When axons are directly activated, the action potential can propagate back to the cell body and produce an antidromic activation, which has been used to study the physiology of neurons with identified targets (reviewed by ...
multispectral labeling technique to map many neighboring axonal
... sites of dye spillover from other dye injections (Fig. 3b). In the experiments described below, the four dye injections covered an area of ~1 cm2, or ~10% of the flattened gland surface. We compared the color properties of 20–250 vesicles (mean ± s.e.m.: 78.8 ± 3.1) in each labeled neuron (Fig. 3c) ...
... sites of dye spillover from other dye injections (Fig. 3b). In the experiments described below, the four dye injections covered an area of ~1 cm2, or ~10% of the flattened gland surface. We compared the color properties of 20–250 vesicles (mean ± s.e.m.: 78.8 ± 3.1) in each labeled neuron (Fig. 3c) ...
Cutaneous Sensory Neurons Expressing the Mrgprd Receptor
... Patch-clamp electrophysiology was performed on DRG neurons in culture from adult knock-in mice in which GFP is expressed under the control of endogenous Mrgprd regulatory elements. Expression of GFP was used as a marker for cells that contain the Mrgprd receptor (see METHODS). Several cultures were ...
... Patch-clamp electrophysiology was performed on DRG neurons in culture from adult knock-in mice in which GFP is expressed under the control of endogenous Mrgprd regulatory elements. Expression of GFP was used as a marker for cells that contain the Mrgprd receptor (see METHODS). Several cultures were ...
DOPAMINE
... neurotransmitter. When dopamine is either elevated or low – we can have focus issues such as not remembering where we put our keys, forgetting what a paragraph said when we just finished reading it or simply daydreaming and not being able to stay on ...
... neurotransmitter. When dopamine is either elevated or low – we can have focus issues such as not remembering where we put our keys, forgetting what a paragraph said when we just finished reading it or simply daydreaming and not being able to stay on ...
Cellular Mechanisms in the Amygdala Involved in Memory
... for adapting to threatening events for survival. Moreover, fear can lead to a number of anxiety disorders when aberrantly expressed. Defining the cellular and synaptic mechanisms underlying fear memory will enhance our understanding of biological mechanism to enemies, as well as our ability to devel ...
... for adapting to threatening events for survival. Moreover, fear can lead to a number of anxiety disorders when aberrantly expressed. Defining the cellular and synaptic mechanisms underlying fear memory will enhance our understanding of biological mechanism to enemies, as well as our ability to devel ...
File
... neurotransmitter. When dopamine is either elevated or low – we can have focus issues such as not remembering where we put our keys, forgetting what a paragraph said when we just finished reading it or simply daydreaming and not being able to stay on ...
... neurotransmitter. When dopamine is either elevated or low – we can have focus issues such as not remembering where we put our keys, forgetting what a paragraph said when we just finished reading it or simply daydreaming and not being able to stay on ...
Electron microscopical reconstruction of the anterior sensory
... The six outer labial and four cephalic neuron, sheath and socket cell arrangesensilla end beneath the cuticle and have ment similar to the sub-dorsal and subsimilar structures. The lateral pair of out- ventral sensilla, but the fine structure is er labial sensilla differ somewhat from the different. ...
... The six outer labial and four cephalic neuron, sheath and socket cell arrangesensilla end beneath the cuticle and have ment similar to the sub-dorsal and subsimilar structures. The lateral pair of out- ventral sensilla, but the fine structure is er labial sensilla differ somewhat from the different. ...
Paramecium trichocysts isolated with their membranes are stable in
... very little material other than trichocysts is found. (The electron-dense debris is residual Percoll: 30 nm particles of silica coated with polyvinylchloride.) A trichocyst is composed of two differentiated regions, the body and the tip. The body consists of the carrot-shaped crystalline contents; t ...
... very little material other than trichocysts is found. (The electron-dense debris is residual Percoll: 30 nm particles of silica coated with polyvinylchloride.) A trichocyst is composed of two differentiated regions, the body and the tip. The body consists of the carrot-shaped crystalline contents; t ...
Wheel Runnin Alters Serotonin (5-HT) Transporter, 5
... LH can also be attenuated by 6wks voluntary wheel running (greenwood) 5-HT1A increasing after 6 weeks may provide a means of protection from LH ...
... LH can also be attenuated by 6wks voluntary wheel running (greenwood) 5-HT1A increasing after 6 weeks may provide a means of protection from LH ...
acetylcholine receptors in regenerating muscle
... regenerating muscle is directed by structures that remain at synaptic sites after removal of the nerve . KEY WORDS neuromuscular junctions - basal lamina - Schwann cell " junctional folds - abungarotoxin Acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) on skeletal muscle fibers are selectively concentrated at the ne ...
... regenerating muscle is directed by structures that remain at synaptic sites after removal of the nerve . KEY WORDS neuromuscular junctions - basal lamina - Schwann cell " junctional folds - abungarotoxin Acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) on skeletal muscle fibers are selectively concentrated at the ne ...
A framework for the first-person internal sensation of visual
... inputs (postsynaptic potentials) can lead to the same action potential, neuronal firing is non-specific with regards to its inputs. For example, in a pyramidal neuron with thousands of inputs, the arrival of nearly any set of 40 excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) at the axonal hillock can le ...
... inputs (postsynaptic potentials) can lead to the same action potential, neuronal firing is non-specific with regards to its inputs. For example, in a pyramidal neuron with thousands of inputs, the arrival of nearly any set of 40 excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) at the axonal hillock can le ...
Optical Imaging of Neural Structure and Physiology: Confocal
... afforded by confocal microscopy are derived from its ability to collect optical sections of a thick tissue specimen while rejecting light from out-of-focus components of the specimen (Wilson, 1990; Pawley, 1995). These features have made confocal imaging an indispensable tool for analysis of neural ...
... afforded by confocal microscopy are derived from its ability to collect optical sections of a thick tissue specimen while rejecting light from out-of-focus components of the specimen (Wilson, 1990; Pawley, 1995). These features have made confocal imaging an indispensable tool for analysis of neural ...
Chemical synapse
Chemical synapses are specialized junctions through which neurons signal to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands. Chemical synapses allow neurons to form circuits within the central nervous system. They are crucial to the biological computations that underlie perception and thought. They allow the nervous system to connect to and control other systems of the body.At a chemical synapse, one neuron releases neurotransmitter molecules into a small space (the synaptic cleft) that is adjacent to another neuron. The neurotransmitters are kept within small sacs called vesicles, and are released into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis. These molecules then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell's side of the synaptic cleft. Finally, the neurotransmitters must be cleared from the synapse through one of several potential mechanisms including enzymatic degradation or re-uptake by specific transporters either on the presynaptic cell or possibly by neuroglia to terminate the action of the transmitter.The adult human brain is estimated to contain from 1014 to 5 × 1014 (100–500 trillion) synapses. Every cubic millimeter of cerebral cortex contains roughly a billion (short scale, i.e. 109) of them.The word ""synapse"" comes from ""synaptein"", which Sir Charles Scott Sherrington and colleagues coined from the Greek ""syn-"" (""together"") and ""haptein"" (""to clasp""). Chemical synapses are not the only type of biological synapse: electrical and immunological synapses also exist. Without a qualifier, however, ""synapse"" commonly means chemical synapse.