Representation of Movement
... in the antipreferred direction. An early model incorporating the three basic requirements was Reichardt’s cross-correlator, which was inspired by studies of the optomotor response of beetles (Figure 1(b)). The Reichardt detector is best stimulated by spatial wavelengths four times the separation of ...
... in the antipreferred direction. An early model incorporating the three basic requirements was Reichardt’s cross-correlator, which was inspired by studies of the optomotor response of beetles (Figure 1(b)). The Reichardt detector is best stimulated by spatial wavelengths four times the separation of ...
PDF - Center for Neural Science
... that this problem of instability poses a serious challenge. However, in the same year that Milner’s words were written, it was realized that cortical circuits with multiple attractor states are dynamically stable if the recurrent excitation is slow compared to inhibition—for example, partially ...
... that this problem of instability poses a serious challenge. However, in the same year that Milner’s words were written, it was realized that cortical circuits with multiple attractor states are dynamically stable if the recurrent excitation is slow compared to inhibition—for example, partially ...
Confidence-Related Decision Making
... not wait for a possible reward, i.e., what they call the negative outcome population, although it really represents lack of confidence that the perceptual decision just made will have a positive outcome, equivalent to confidence that the decision just made will have a negative outcome. The two netwo ...
... not wait for a possible reward, i.e., what they call the negative outcome population, although it really represents lack of confidence that the perceptual decision just made will have a positive outcome, equivalent to confidence that the decision just made will have a negative outcome. The two netwo ...
A neural implementation of Bayesian inference based on predictive
... a (n by m) matrix of feedforward synaptic weight values; V is a (m by n) matrix of feedback synaptic weight values; 1 and 2 are parameters; and and ⊗ indicate element-wise division and multiplication respectively. For all the experiments described in this paper 1 and 2 were given the values 1 ...
... a (n by m) matrix of feedforward synaptic weight values; V is a (m by n) matrix of feedback synaptic weight values; 1 and 2 are parameters; and and ⊗ indicate element-wise division and multiplication respectively. For all the experiments described in this paper 1 and 2 were given the values 1 ...
Lecture 14 - ANS
... • Autonomic tone refers to constant activity of the cells of the ANS • An important aspect of ANS function because: – If a nerve is inactive under normal conditions, it can only increase its activity – However, if nerve maintains a constant background level of activity, then it can either increase o ...
... • Autonomic tone refers to constant activity of the cells of the ANS • An important aspect of ANS function because: – If a nerve is inactive under normal conditions, it can only increase its activity – However, if nerve maintains a constant background level of activity, then it can either increase o ...
Lecture 14 - ANS
... • Preganglionic release ACh, always stimulates the (post)ganglionic neuron • Postganglionic release NE, (except in skeletal muscles and sweat glands, which release ACh) • Remember that the response is dependent on the receptor present (NE can be excitatory or inhibitory) ...
... • Preganglionic release ACh, always stimulates the (post)ganglionic neuron • Postganglionic release NE, (except in skeletal muscles and sweat glands, which release ACh) • Remember that the response is dependent on the receptor present (NE can be excitatory or inhibitory) ...
Regulation of Stroke-Induced Neurogenesis in Adult Brain—Recent
... The data described here demonstrate that a stroke, induced by MCAO in adult rats, leads to long-term alterations in the structure and function of the SVZ ipsilateral to the ischemic damage. At least up to 1 year after the insult, the SVZ continues to produce new neuroblasts, which migrate into the s ...
... The data described here demonstrate that a stroke, induced by MCAO in adult rats, leads to long-term alterations in the structure and function of the SVZ ipsilateral to the ischemic damage. At least up to 1 year after the insult, the SVZ continues to produce new neuroblasts, which migrate into the s ...
![[j26]Chapter 9#](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/009372212_1-45723eed01d76cad9811e1514890dc2a-300x300.png)
[j26]Chapter 9#
... norepinephrine, epinephrine, and related neurotransmitter substances; and those that are cholinergic, receiving acetylcholine (ACh). Interestingly, because the receptor types can vary from neuron to neuron, the same neurotransmitter may cause the response of one neuron to differ from that of another ...
... norepinephrine, epinephrine, and related neurotransmitter substances; and those that are cholinergic, receiving acetylcholine (ACh). Interestingly, because the receptor types can vary from neuron to neuron, the same neurotransmitter may cause the response of one neuron to differ from that of another ...
Grasping the Intentions of Others with One`s Own Mirror Neuron
... away? The aim of the present study is to investigate the neural basis of intention understanding in this sense and, more specifically, the role played by the human mirror neuron system in this type of intention understanding. The term ‘‘intention’’ will be always used in this specific sense, to indica ...
... away? The aim of the present study is to investigate the neural basis of intention understanding in this sense and, more specifically, the role played by the human mirror neuron system in this type of intention understanding. The term ‘‘intention’’ will be always used in this specific sense, to indica ...
Emotional and Behavioral Correlates of Mediodorsal Thalamic
... of the right MD. Extracellular neuronal and EMG activity was passed through a dual-channel differential amplifier with a preamplifier (DPA220, DIA Medical System), monitored on an oscilloscope, and recorded on a data recorder (RT-145T DAT DATA RECORDER, TEAC). Neuronal activity was counted by a two- ...
... of the right MD. Extracellular neuronal and EMG activity was passed through a dual-channel differential amplifier with a preamplifier (DPA220, DIA Medical System), monitored on an oscilloscope, and recorded on a data recorder (RT-145T DAT DATA RECORDER, TEAC). Neuronal activity was counted by a two- ...
V1 mechanisms underlying chromatic contrast detection
... responses were measured simultaneously. Stimuli were modulated in the neuron’s preferred cardinal and intermediate color directions, and psychophysical thresholds were estimated using the method of constant stimuli. We identified each neuron’s preferred cardinal and intermediate color direction on t ...
... responses were measured simultaneously. Stimuli were modulated in the neuron’s preferred cardinal and intermediate color directions, and psychophysical thresholds were estimated using the method of constant stimuli. We identified each neuron’s preferred cardinal and intermediate color direction on t ...
FEATURE ARTICLE Cortical Auditory Adaptation
... The loudspeaker was located 53 cm above the bottom of the recording chamber. The box was built in black acrylic and had a surface of 22 by 27 cm and the walls had a height of 65 cm. The walls of the box were covered with corrugated cardboard (4 mm thickness) for sound-resonance suppression. Measurem ...
... The loudspeaker was located 53 cm above the bottom of the recording chamber. The box was built in black acrylic and had a surface of 22 by 27 cm and the walls had a height of 65 cm. The walls of the box were covered with corrugated cardboard (4 mm thickness) for sound-resonance suppression. Measurem ...
Design Features in Vertebrate Sensory Systems
... (Warr, 1978; Goldberg and Fernandez, 1980). The efferent control exerted by gamma motoneurons on muscle spindles are a second example of a feedback system to receptors (Matthews, 1981). It is unlikely that such feedback systems have a single function, but it is clear that they provide a mechanism wh ...
... (Warr, 1978; Goldberg and Fernandez, 1980). The efferent control exerted by gamma motoneurons on muscle spindles are a second example of a feedback system to receptors (Matthews, 1981). It is unlikely that such feedback systems have a single function, but it is clear that they provide a mechanism wh ...
The Third Generation of Neural Networks
... network for all problems. For several years, this was the suggested advice. However, just because a single layer network can, in theory, learn anything, the universal approximation theorem does not say anything about how easy it will be to learn. Additional hidden layers make problems easier to lea ...
... network for all problems. For several years, this was the suggested advice. However, just because a single layer network can, in theory, learn anything, the universal approximation theorem does not say anything about how easy it will be to learn. Additional hidden layers make problems easier to lea ...
Chapter 16: Neural Integration II: The Autonomic Nervous System
... can only increase activity – if nerve maintains background level of activity, can increase or decrease activity ...
... can only increase activity – if nerve maintains background level of activity, can increase or decrease activity ...
Forecasting & Demand Planner Module 4 – Basic Concepts
... •Gaussian neurons are able to realize non-linear functions. •Therefore, networks of Gaussian units are in principle unrestricted with regard to the functions that they can realize. •The drawback of Gaussian neurons is that we have to make sure that their net input does not exceed 1. •This adds some ...
... •Gaussian neurons are able to realize non-linear functions. •Therefore, networks of Gaussian units are in principle unrestricted with regard to the functions that they can realize. •The drawback of Gaussian neurons is that we have to make sure that their net input does not exceed 1. •This adds some ...
Lecture 2: Structure and function of the NS
... Figure 3–3 A, Average brain weights of human males and females at different ages. Notice how the brain grows rapidly after b Figure 3–5 The relative sizes of brainat of about a rhinoceros first year of life, before reaching its fullthesize ageand11 years. At all ages, male brains have a greater aver ...
... Figure 3–3 A, Average brain weights of human males and females at different ages. Notice how the brain grows rapidly after b Figure 3–5 The relative sizes of brainat of about a rhinoceros first year of life, before reaching its fullthesize ageand11 years. At all ages, male brains have a greater aver ...
Action Potentials in Earthworms
... to sodium (PNa). Stimulation, like synaptic activity coming from other nerve cells, can depolarize (make less negative) the cell membrane. Sodium channels in the cell membrane are sensitive to membrane depolarization and they respond by opening, which increases the membrane’s permeability to sodium. ...
... to sodium (PNa). Stimulation, like synaptic activity coming from other nerve cells, can depolarize (make less negative) the cell membrane. Sodium channels in the cell membrane are sensitive to membrane depolarization and they respond by opening, which increases the membrane’s permeability to sodium. ...
Gee JNeuro 2012 - Stanford University
... agonist quinpirole elicits a novel afterdepolarization that generates voltage fluctuations and spiking for hundreds of milliseconds. Surprisingly, this afterdepolarization is masked in quiescent brain slices, but is readily unmasked by physiologic levels of synaptic input which activate NMDA recepto ...
... agonist quinpirole elicits a novel afterdepolarization that generates voltage fluctuations and spiking for hundreds of milliseconds. Surprisingly, this afterdepolarization is masked in quiescent brain slices, but is readily unmasked by physiologic levels of synaptic input which activate NMDA recepto ...