Lecture 12b - Spinal Cord
... • Area is monitored by a single receptor cell • The larger the receptive field, the more difficult it is to localize a stimulus ...
... • Area is monitored by a single receptor cell • The larger the receptive field, the more difficult it is to localize a stimulus ...
Human brainstem preganglionic parasympathetic
... rostrocaudal level. The NOS-positive cell group we observed in the oral spinal trigeminal nucleus is just ventromedial to the region designated as the oval nucleus in plate XVIII of Olszewski and Baxter (1982). The inferior salivatory nuclei, described dorsomedial to the rostral portion of the nucle ...
... rostrocaudal level. The NOS-positive cell group we observed in the oral spinal trigeminal nucleus is just ventromedial to the region designated as the oval nucleus in plate XVIII of Olszewski and Baxter (1982). The inferior salivatory nuclei, described dorsomedial to the rostral portion of the nucle ...
neuron models and basic learning rules
... • In general, there are many different kinds of activation functions. • The step function used in the McCulloch-Pitts model is simply one of them. • Because the activation function takes only two values, this model is called discrete neuron. • To make the neuron learnable, some kind of continuous fu ...
... • In general, there are many different kinds of activation functions. • The step function used in the McCulloch-Pitts model is simply one of them. • Because the activation function takes only two values, this model is called discrete neuron. • To make the neuron learnable, some kind of continuous fu ...
Enhanced cholinergic suppression of previously strengthened synapses enables the formation of
... storage process have shown that the memory capacity of a realistic cortical network can be greatly enhanced if cholinergic modulation blocks transmission at synaptic connections of the association fibers during the learning process. We here present experimental data from an olfactory cortex brain sli ...
... storage process have shown that the memory capacity of a realistic cortical network can be greatly enhanced if cholinergic modulation blocks transmission at synaptic connections of the association fibers during the learning process. We here present experimental data from an olfactory cortex brain sli ...
Computational Constraints that may have Favoured the Lamination
... the cortex can reconstruct it any better using a priori knowledge, because any other position would be just as plausible. The identity of a stimulus, however, may be coded inaccurately by the thalamus, with considerable noise, occlusion and variability, and the cortex can reconstruct it from such pa ...
... the cortex can reconstruct it any better using a priori knowledge, because any other position would be just as plausible. The identity of a stimulus, however, may be coded inaccurately by the thalamus, with considerable noise, occlusion and variability, and the cortex can reconstruct it from such pa ...
Whisker sensory system – From receptor to decision
... One of the great challenges of systems neuroscience is to understand how the neocortex transforms neuronal representations of the physical characteristics of sensory stimuli into the percepts which can guide the animal’s decisions. Here we present progress made in understanding behavioral and neurop ...
... One of the great challenges of systems neuroscience is to understand how the neocortex transforms neuronal representations of the physical characteristics of sensory stimuli into the percepts which can guide the animal’s decisions. Here we present progress made in understanding behavioral and neurop ...
chronic morphine exposure affects visual response latency of the
... In the present study, we systematically examined the effect of chronic morphine exposure on the visual response latency of LGN cells and found that LGN neurons in morphine-treated cats exhibited significantly longer response latency than those in saline-treated cats. This suggests that visual inform ...
... In the present study, we systematically examined the effect of chronic morphine exposure on the visual response latency of LGN cells and found that LGN neurons in morphine-treated cats exhibited significantly longer response latency than those in saline-treated cats. This suggests that visual inform ...
the functional properties of the light
... It was carried out under experimental conditions that allowed us to define more precisely the functional properties of the light-sensitive neurons of area 7 particularly in regard to the organization of their response areas and their sensitivity to movement and the direction of movement of luminous ...
... It was carried out under experimental conditions that allowed us to define more precisely the functional properties of the light-sensitive neurons of area 7 particularly in regard to the organization of their response areas and their sensitivity to movement and the direction of movement of luminous ...
ANS notes filled
... Catechol-O-methyl transferase This enzyme, found in the synaptic gap, breaks down NE. It has a similar function as acetylcholinesterase, but works at a slower rate. As a result some NE tends to diffuse out of the synapse into the surrounding tissues, where it may exert an effect. So the effects of ...
... Catechol-O-methyl transferase This enzyme, found in the synaptic gap, breaks down NE. It has a similar function as acetylcholinesterase, but works at a slower rate. As a result some NE tends to diffuse out of the synapse into the surrounding tissues, where it may exert an effect. So the effects of ...
Electrophysiological evidence that noradrenergic neurons of the rat
... changes in behavioral state and (4) subsequent histological localization in the DRN. Iontophoretic studies were conducted as follows: when a DRN unit was found, computer data collection was started and a period of at least 2 minutes of spontaneous discharge was acquired before any drug application. ...
... changes in behavioral state and (4) subsequent histological localization in the DRN. Iontophoretic studies were conducted as follows: when a DRN unit was found, computer data collection was started and a period of at least 2 minutes of spontaneous discharge was acquired before any drug application. ...
Cellular, synaptic and network effects of neuromodulation
... that current and the neuron’s firing properties. This can occur because there is a non-trivial relationship between the maximal conductances found in a neuron and its intrinsic properties. This is illustrated in a recent modeling study (Goldman, Golowasch, Marder, & Abbott, 2001) in which the maxima ...
... that current and the neuron’s firing properties. This can occur because there is a non-trivial relationship between the maximal conductances found in a neuron and its intrinsic properties. This is illustrated in a recent modeling study (Goldman, Golowasch, Marder, & Abbott, 2001) in which the maxima ...
THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
... Neurons come in many sizes: e.g. a single sensory neuron from the fingertip has an axon that extends the length of the arm, while neurons within the brain may extend only a few millimetres. Neurons have different shapes depending on what they do. Motor neurons that control muscle contractions have a ...
... Neurons come in many sizes: e.g. a single sensory neuron from the fingertip has an axon that extends the length of the arm, while neurons within the brain may extend only a few millimetres. Neurons have different shapes depending on what they do. Motor neurons that control muscle contractions have a ...
Cortical Maps - White Rose Research Online
... can modulate neuronal activity, such as the location, contrast, color, orientation, or spatial frequency of an edge in an image, the receptive field may be defined functionally in terms of feature dimensions. The receptive field of a neuron thus more generally refers to a localized region in a mult ...
... can modulate neuronal activity, such as the location, contrast, color, orientation, or spatial frequency of an edge in an image, the receptive field may be defined functionally in terms of feature dimensions. The receptive field of a neuron thus more generally refers to a localized region in a mult ...
Nucleus Accumbens Medium Spiny Neurons Target Non
... plied at the onset of each sweep. All drugs were B, Diagram of experimental design: light stimulation (blue) of ChR2 expressing NAc MSN (red). C, Example recording from an MSN applied by bath perfusion. Stock solutions of showing responses to 1 ms pulses of light at three different intensities. D, M ...
... plied at the onset of each sweep. All drugs were B, Diagram of experimental design: light stimulation (blue) of ChR2 expressing NAc MSN (red). C, Example recording from an MSN applied by bath perfusion. Stock solutions of showing responses to 1 ms pulses of light at three different intensities. D, M ...
3. NEURAL NETWORK MODELS 3.1 Early Approaches
... appropriate combination of such elements. Their proof is based on the observation that, in particular, AND-gates and inverters can be realized as special cases of (3.1); therefore, any other logical function can be constructed from these. The model of McCulloch and Pitts for the first time suggested ...
... appropriate combination of such elements. Their proof is based on the observation that, in particular, AND-gates and inverters can be realized as special cases of (3.1); therefore, any other logical function can be constructed from these. The model of McCulloch and Pitts for the first time suggested ...
Slide 1
... The neural network: Making simple neurons part of complex machines Primary olfactory processing networks ...
... The neural network: Making simple neurons part of complex machines Primary olfactory processing networks ...
Name Nervous System Questions 1. When a neuron is at its resting
... A. the inside of the cell is positively charged relative to the outside. B. sodium-potassium pumps transport sodium ions into the cell. C. gated sodium channels are open. D. sodium-potassium pumps transport both sodium and potassium ions out of the cell. E. there are more potassium ions inside the n ...
... A. the inside of the cell is positively charged relative to the outside. B. sodium-potassium pumps transport sodium ions into the cell. C. gated sodium channels are open. D. sodium-potassium pumps transport both sodium and potassium ions out of the cell. E. there are more potassium ions inside the n ...
Volume and Number of Neurons of the Human
... normal aging and AD. We started from the assumption that, if a difference in the regional pattern of volume and neuronal loss in the normal aging and AD groups could be proven, then this would mean that AD involves a specific disease process that is not necessarily linked with the aging process of t ...
... normal aging and AD. We started from the assumption that, if a difference in the regional pattern of volume and neuronal loss in the normal aging and AD groups could be proven, then this would mean that AD involves a specific disease process that is not necessarily linked with the aging process of t ...
Neurons of human nucleus accumbens
... nucleus accumbens 12, 13. Our finding of type IV, multipolar neuron (Figures 11 and 12), corresponds to medium spiny neurons described by other authors. Medium spiny neurons consist of 2–6 primary dendrites, different thickness, with dense spines on secondary and third dendrite branches 14–17. We co ...
... nucleus accumbens 12, 13. Our finding of type IV, multipolar neuron (Figures 11 and 12), corresponds to medium spiny neurons described by other authors. Medium spiny neurons consist of 2–6 primary dendrites, different thickness, with dense spines on secondary and third dendrite branches 14–17. We co ...
Brain Electrical Activity During Waking and Sleep States
... produced activation of the EEG (low voltage fast electrical activity, or LFA), an effect evoked by stimulation of the central core of the brainstem in a region extending upward from the bulbar RF to the mesodiencephalic junction, the dorsal hypothalamus, and the ventral thalamus. In many features t ...
... produced activation of the EEG (low voltage fast electrical activity, or LFA), an effect evoked by stimulation of the central core of the brainstem in a region extending upward from the bulbar RF to the mesodiencephalic junction, the dorsal hypothalamus, and the ventral thalamus. In many features t ...
Dynamics of Propofol-Induced Loss of Consciousness Across
... Materials and Methods Animal model. All animals were handled according to the institutional standards of the National Institutes of Health and according to an animal protocol approved by the institutional animal care and use committee at the Massachusetts General Hospital. We used two adult male mon ...
... Materials and Methods Animal model. All animals were handled according to the institutional standards of the National Institutes of Health and according to an animal protocol approved by the institutional animal care and use committee at the Massachusetts General Hospital. We used two adult male mon ...
Activity 2 The Brain and Drugs - URMC
... 10. What happens in the receiving nerve cell after neurotransmitters have attached to receptors on the receiving cell? The receiving neuron makes a new impulse. ...
... 10. What happens in the receiving nerve cell after neurotransmitters have attached to receptors on the receiving cell? The receiving neuron makes a new impulse. ...