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... specify rules for plasticity that allow learning of more accurate values and decreased inconsistencies. Given correct values, it is possible to improve the policy by preferring those actions that lead to higher utility outcomes and higher valued states. Direct model-free methods for improving polici ...
... specify rules for plasticity that allow learning of more accurate values and decreased inconsistencies. Given correct values, it is possible to improve the policy by preferring those actions that lead to higher utility outcomes and higher valued states. Direct model-free methods for improving polici ...
Functional Synaptic Contacts by Intranuclear
... Increased magnification of main axon with two identified axon collaterals (outlined areas). Biii,Biv, Details of the two collaterals apparent lack of a low threshold calcium (arrowheads) outlined in Bii. spike (Fig. 3A). These interneurons had an average resting membrane potential of ⫺65 ⫾ 5 (SD) mV ...
... Increased magnification of main axon with two identified axon collaterals (outlined areas). Biii,Biv, Details of the two collaterals apparent lack of a low threshold calcium (arrowheads) outlined in Bii. spike (Fig. 3A). These interneurons had an average resting membrane potential of ⫺65 ⫾ 5 (SD) mV ...
Neural circuit rewiring: insights from DD synapse remodeling
... understanding of the neural connectivity of C. elegans, made possible by work from John White and colleagues.1,2 Increased technological capability to achieve single cell resolution in other organisms might lead to the description of similar rewiring paradigms. Indeed, an example of synapse refinemen ...
... understanding of the neural connectivity of C. elegans, made possible by work from John White and colleagues.1,2 Increased technological capability to achieve single cell resolution in other organisms might lead to the description of similar rewiring paradigms. Indeed, an example of synapse refinemen ...
Mammalian Cerebral Cortex: Embryonic Development
... advancing in opposite directions, suggesting the presence of both corticipetal and corticofugal fibers (Fig. 2.3b). At this age, the cat motor cortex PCP consists of a compact cellular plate (3–5 cells thick) composed of pyramidal neurons with smooth (spineless) apical dendrites that branch into the ...
... advancing in opposite directions, suggesting the presence of both corticipetal and corticofugal fibers (Fig. 2.3b). At this age, the cat motor cortex PCP consists of a compact cellular plate (3–5 cells thick) composed of pyramidal neurons with smooth (spineless) apical dendrites that branch into the ...
morphometric parameters of the structures of the medulla oblongata
... Abstract. The results of the study of morphometric parameters and structure of medulla oblongata in human fetuses at 17-18 weeks of prenatal development with sacrococcygeal teratoma are presented. The dimensions of nuclei of medulla oblongata, shapes and the degree of differentiation of neurons have ...
... Abstract. The results of the study of morphometric parameters and structure of medulla oblongata in human fetuses at 17-18 weeks of prenatal development with sacrococcygeal teratoma are presented. The dimensions of nuclei of medulla oblongata, shapes and the degree of differentiation of neurons have ...
Restraining influence of A2 neurons in chronic control of arterial
... cardiovascular responses observed. Rats were supplied with normal rat chow and drinking water ad libitum, and kept on a 12 h light–12 h dark cycle in a sound proofed, temperature and humidity controlled room. Water drunk and urine produced were measured daily. A radio-telemetry system (Data Sciences ...
... cardiovascular responses observed. Rats were supplied with normal rat chow and drinking water ad libitum, and kept on a 12 h light–12 h dark cycle in a sound proofed, temperature and humidity controlled room. Water drunk and urine produced were measured daily. A radio-telemetry system (Data Sciences ...
The Computation and Comparison of Value in Goal
... always a correct assumption. A detailed understanding of how the brain computes and compares values should provide important insights on the strengths and limitations of existing models. Third, evolution has endowed the brain with the capacity to make good choices in a large variety of environments, ...
... always a correct assumption. A detailed understanding of how the brain computes and compares values should provide important insights on the strengths and limitations of existing models. Third, evolution has endowed the brain with the capacity to make good choices in a large variety of environments, ...
Interactions between Adjacent Ganglia Bring About the Bilaterally
... embryonic nerve cord, the contralaterally homologousneuron takes on the mature AS phenotype in over 90% of the lesioned ganglia. Therefore, the choice as to which side of the ganglion will generatethe mature AS neuron is not wholly predetermined at the time theseneuronsare born, but rather, is contr ...
... embryonic nerve cord, the contralaterally homologousneuron takes on the mature AS phenotype in over 90% of the lesioned ganglia. Therefore, the choice as to which side of the ganglion will generatethe mature AS neuron is not wholly predetermined at the time theseneuronsare born, but rather, is contr ...
The Role of Dorsal Columns Pathway in Visceral Pain
... perception. However, recent clinical and experimental studies have provided compelling evidence that implicates an important role of the dorsal column pathway in relaying visceral nociceptive information. Several clinical studies have shown that a small lesion that interrupts fibers of the dorsal co ...
... perception. However, recent clinical and experimental studies have provided compelling evidence that implicates an important role of the dorsal column pathway in relaying visceral nociceptive information. Several clinical studies have shown that a small lesion that interrupts fibers of the dorsal co ...
Use of a Recombinant Pseudorabies Virus to
... hemisphere, this 250 lm wide cortical band contained the penetration channel too (Fig. 1). To check whether the infection pattern exceeded the 250 lm wide band, one animal randomly selected from the n7x group and one from the sham-operated group were treated and processed as described previously, bu ...
... hemisphere, this 250 lm wide cortical band contained the penetration channel too (Fig. 1). To check whether the infection pattern exceeded the 250 lm wide band, one animal randomly selected from the n7x group and one from the sham-operated group were treated and processed as described previously, bu ...
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... Madison, WI, http://www.promega.com; Cat# C8021) and were later transferred by XhoI/NotI double digestion and T4 DNA ligation into a pIS2 renilla luciferase vector modified with the addition of an XhoI restriction site and deletion of the SpeI restriction site. miR-137 target site deletion was done u ...
... Madison, WI, http://www.promega.com; Cat# C8021) and were later transferred by XhoI/NotI double digestion and T4 DNA ligation into a pIS2 renilla luciferase vector modified with the addition of an XhoI restriction site and deletion of the SpeI restriction site. miR-137 target site deletion was done u ...
The Neuron - UPM EduTrain Interactive Learning
... • A chemical that is released into the synaptic cleft from a terminal button (axon) of a sending neuron, crosses a synapse, and binds to appropriate receptor sites on the dendrites or cell body of a receiving neuron, influencing the cell either to fire or not to fire; • Has an excitatory or inhibito ...
... • A chemical that is released into the synaptic cleft from a terminal button (axon) of a sending neuron, crosses a synapse, and binds to appropriate receptor sites on the dendrites or cell body of a receiving neuron, influencing the cell either to fire or not to fire; • Has an excitatory or inhibito ...
Ultrastructural Characterization of Gerbil Olivocochlear Neurons
... abundant on the surface of the nucleus closest to a dendritic trunk. Silver grains resulting from D-ASP decay were found over both the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm.The cytoplasm of D-ASP OC neuronscontains mostly small, disorderly arrays of rough endoplasmicreticulum, each array containing l-5 cisterna ...
... abundant on the surface of the nucleus closest to a dendritic trunk. Silver grains resulting from D-ASP decay were found over both the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm.The cytoplasm of D-ASP OC neuronscontains mostly small, disorderly arrays of rough endoplasmicreticulum, each array containing l-5 cisterna ...
Functional Properties of Parietal Visual Neurons: Mechanisms of
... statistical significance. Peak values of discharge were read from unsmoothed histograms. A special experimental paradigm was used to study the mechanism of directionality along a single meridian. In any given trial, the 10” x 10” test stimulus was considered either as a full-field stimulus-if it mov ...
... statistical significance. Peak values of discharge were read from unsmoothed histograms. A special experimental paradigm was used to study the mechanism of directionality along a single meridian. In any given trial, the 10” x 10” test stimulus was considered either as a full-field stimulus-if it mov ...
Early Appearance of Inhibitory Input to the MNTB Supports Binaural
... immaturities that limit auditory processing in juvenile animals, they are able to lateralize sounds using binaural cues. This study explores a central mechanism that may compensate for these limitations during development. Interaural time and level difference processing by neurons in the superior ol ...
... immaturities that limit auditory processing in juvenile animals, they are able to lateralize sounds using binaural cues. This study explores a central mechanism that may compensate for these limitations during development. Interaural time and level difference processing by neurons in the superior ol ...
Sensory Regeneration in Arthropods: Implications of Homoeosis
... segmental ganglion, where their synaptic connections elicit action potentials in giant interneurons when cereal mechanoreceptors are stimulated (Edwards et al., 1967). It was originally thought that connections were made with the more anterior regions of the same giant interneurons (the MGI and LGI) ...
... segmental ganglion, where their synaptic connections elicit action potentials in giant interneurons when cereal mechanoreceptors are stimulated (Edwards et al., 1967). It was originally thought that connections were made with the more anterior regions of the same giant interneurons (the MGI and LGI) ...
The Optokinetic Uncover TestA New Insight Into Infantile Esotropia
... JAMA Ophthalmol. 2013;131(6):759-765. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.2348 ...
... JAMA Ophthalmol. 2013;131(6):759-765. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.2348 ...
multiple reward signals in the brain
... Figure 3 | Neuronal activity in primate striatum and orbitofrontal cortex related to the expectation of reward. a | Activity in a putamen neuron during a delayed go–no go task in which an initial cue instructs the monkey to produce or withhold a reaching movement following a trigger stimulus. The in ...
... Figure 3 | Neuronal activity in primate striatum and orbitofrontal cortex related to the expectation of reward. a | Activity in a putamen neuron during a delayed go–no go task in which an initial cue instructs the monkey to produce or withhold a reaching movement following a trigger stimulus. The in ...
Selective visual attention and perceptual coherence
... initiated by transient switch signals that ‘reset’ or ‘nudge’ the brain out of the current attractor state, allowing a new coherence field to be formed based on input from the sensory environment and from working memory, where current task goals are maintained. Attention biases competition for repre ...
... initiated by transient switch signals that ‘reset’ or ‘nudge’ the brain out of the current attractor state, allowing a new coherence field to be formed based on input from the sensory environment and from working memory, where current task goals are maintained. Attention biases competition for repre ...
Figure and Ground in the Visual Cortex: V2 Combines Stereoscopic
... in a systematic way in single neurons. The two hypothetical mechanisms were tested separately: side-offigure selectivity was determined with contrast-defined figures, which do not provide depth cues, and stereoedge selectivity was determined with RDS, which define depth but are devoid of contrast-de ...
... in a systematic way in single neurons. The two hypothetical mechanisms were tested separately: side-offigure selectivity was determined with contrast-defined figures, which do not provide depth cues, and stereoedge selectivity was determined with RDS, which define depth but are devoid of contrast-de ...
Loss of IP receptor function in neuropeptide Drosophila
... of the medial neurosecretory cells in the brain (Figure 1), regulate lipid homeostasis in the fat body cells of adult Drosophila [22,23]. The obese phenotype observed in adult itpr mutants suggested a role for IP3 mediated calcium signaling in modulating ILP release and secretion. However, significa ...
... of the medial neurosecretory cells in the brain (Figure 1), regulate lipid homeostasis in the fat body cells of adult Drosophila [22,23]. The obese phenotype observed in adult itpr mutants suggested a role for IP3 mediated calcium signaling in modulating ILP release and secretion. However, significa ...
Voltage-Sensitive Dye Imaging: Technique review and Models
... 1.2.2. High spatial resolution for brain mapping One domain of application of the VSDI, as other brain functional imaging, is brain mapping. Indeed, VSDI allows to build high-resolution functional maps, such as orientation or ocular-dominance maps (Shoham et al. (1999); Grinvald et al. (1999); Slovi ...
... 1.2.2. High spatial resolution for brain mapping One domain of application of the VSDI, as other brain functional imaging, is brain mapping. Indeed, VSDI allows to build high-resolution functional maps, such as orientation or ocular-dominance maps (Shoham et al. (1999); Grinvald et al. (1999); Slovi ...