International Earth system expert workshop on ocean stresses and
... including: changes in the distribution and abundance of marine species (Beaugrand & Reid, 2003; Beaugrand 2004, 2009; Beaugrand et al., 2003; 2010; Cheung et al. 2009, 2010, Reid et al., 2007; Johnson e ...
... including: changes in the distribution and abundance of marine species (Beaugrand & Reid, 2003; Beaugrand 2004, 2009; Beaugrand et al., 2003; 2010; Cheung et al. 2009, 2010, Reid et al., 2007; Johnson e ...
Document
... • It turns out that old ocean floor is “subducted” into the mantle at subduction zones. ...
... • It turns out that old ocean floor is “subducted” into the mantle at subduction zones. ...
Massive Sulphides – Resources from the Deep Sea
... are very high there. Since 1979, more than 300 sites of high- ...
... are very high there. Since 1979, more than 300 sites of high- ...
platetectonics
... Looking at the world map, what do you notice about the shape of the continents? ...
... Looking at the world map, what do you notice about the shape of the continents? ...
EarthInterior_LAYERS
... different layers. The crust is the layer that you live on, and it is the most widely studied and understood. The mantle is much hotter and has the ability to flow. The outer core and inner core are even hotter with pressures so great you would be squeezed into a ball smaller than a marble if you wer ...
... different layers. The crust is the layer that you live on, and it is the most widely studied and understood. The mantle is much hotter and has the ability to flow. The outer core and inner core are even hotter with pressures so great you would be squeezed into a ball smaller than a marble if you wer ...
Intro to Plate Tectonics
... convergent boundary is a boundary where two separate plates are pushing into each other. There are two kinds of surface features that are associated with a convergent boundary. The first is a deep ocean trench that forms a line of the two colliding plates. One plate made of oceanic crust can slide d ...
... convergent boundary is a boundary where two separate plates are pushing into each other. There are two kinds of surface features that are associated with a convergent boundary. The first is a deep ocean trench that forms a line of the two colliding plates. One plate made of oceanic crust can slide d ...
Semester 1 Course Review
... 1. How does matter move through the biosphere? 2. How does water cycle through the biosphere? 3. What are the names of Earth’s systems? 4. How are the systems different? 5. How do different systems interact with each other? 6. What patterns exist within Earth’s ocean currents? 7. What causes current ...
... 1. How does matter move through the biosphere? 2. How does water cycle through the biosphere? 3. What are the names of Earth’s systems? 4. How are the systems different? 5. How do different systems interact with each other? 6. What patterns exist within Earth’s ocean currents? 7. What causes current ...
The Marine Environment
... Seawalls Structures called seawalls, shown in Figure 16.12, are built parallel to shore, often to protect beachfront properties from powerful storm waves. Seawalls reflect the energy of such waves back toward the beach, where they worsen beach erosion. Eventually, seawalls are undercut and have to b ...
... Seawalls Structures called seawalls, shown in Figure 16.12, are built parallel to shore, often to protect beachfront properties from powerful storm waves. Seawalls reflect the energy of such waves back toward the beach, where they worsen beach erosion. Eventually, seawalls are undercut and have to b ...
Chapter Excerpt
... These movements produce many major features of the earth’s surface, such as mountain ranges, volcanoes, and earthquake zones. Most of these features are located at plate boundaries, where the plates interact by either spreading apart, pressing together, or sliding past each other. These movements ar ...
... These movements produce many major features of the earth’s surface, such as mountain ranges, volcanoes, and earthquake zones. Most of these features are located at plate boundaries, where the plates interact by either spreading apart, pressing together, or sliding past each other. These movements ar ...
Convection Currents - Effingham County Schools
... • Convection currents are the continuous loop of sinking and rising hot, soft rocks caused by energy transfer in the asthenosphere (mantle) of Earth ...
... • Convection currents are the continuous loop of sinking and rising hot, soft rocks caused by energy transfer in the asthenosphere (mantle) of Earth ...
Nutrients and organic matter distributions in the NW Iberian margin
... winter, which acts as the compensation undercurrent of the NW Iberian upwelling system during the summer. This view is quite similar to the seasonal variability of surface current described in the upwelling of California and Oregon, at about the same latitude than the Iberian upwelling. The contrast ...
... winter, which acts as the compensation undercurrent of the NW Iberian upwelling system during the summer. This view is quite similar to the seasonal variability of surface current described in the upwelling of California and Oregon, at about the same latitude than the Iberian upwelling. The contrast ...
Plate Tectonics Study Guide 1. What are the longest mountain
... 1. What are the longest mountain ranges on Earth? 2. Along the ocean floor, where do you find the oldest crust? The youngest? 3. What was Alfred Wegener’s theory, and what evidence did he have that it was correct? 4. Describe the direction of movement of the plates at each boundary type. 5. What pro ...
... 1. What are the longest mountain ranges on Earth? 2. Along the ocean floor, where do you find the oldest crust? The youngest? 3. What was Alfred Wegener’s theory, and what evidence did he have that it was correct? 4. Describe the direction of movement of the plates at each boundary type. 5. What pro ...
isostasy - UMSL.edu
... Continental Crust is thicker and has a lower density than Oceanic Crust. Therefore, it floats higher and has a deeper "root" than Oceanic Crust. This phenomenon can be compared with the behavior of floating wood blocks, all with the same density (see figure). The thicker blocks stand higher but have ...
... Continental Crust is thicker and has a lower density than Oceanic Crust. Therefore, it floats higher and has a deeper "root" than Oceanic Crust. This phenomenon can be compared with the behavior of floating wood blocks, all with the same density (see figure). The thicker blocks stand higher but have ...
Oceanography - North Stonington Public Schools
... Introduction: The Earth is a dynamic planet. Remains of rare water coral reefs are found off the coast of the British Isles, marine fossils are found high in the Himalayas and coal deposits that were formed in warm tropic areas are found in Siberia, how can this be? This unit explores the every chan ...
... Introduction: The Earth is a dynamic planet. Remains of rare water coral reefs are found off the coast of the British Isles, marine fossils are found high in the Himalayas and coal deposits that were formed in warm tropic areas are found in Siberia, how can this be? This unit explores the every chan ...
RULES OF THUMB (081312)
... • The motion of the mantle does not drive the plates (by mantle drag). o The idea of organized convection cells upon which the plates ride is wrong (though intuitively attractive - unfortunately!). • Oceanic plates move faster than continental plates. o Oceanic plates tend to have ridges (pushing) a ...
... • The motion of the mantle does not drive the plates (by mantle drag). o The idea of organized convection cells upon which the plates ride is wrong (though intuitively attractive - unfortunately!). • Oceanic plates move faster than continental plates. o Oceanic plates tend to have ridges (pushing) a ...
Narrative for “Journey to the Center of the Earth”: Attention! Attention
... of air in the deep Earth create conditions that we could not survive. In addition, it is a long journey – it is 6371 kilometers to the Earth’s center. If we were able to walk directly to the Earth’s center, it would take about 53 days (at 5 km/hr, 24 hours per day) of walking. And then, we’d have to ...
... of air in the deep Earth create conditions that we could not survive. In addition, it is a long journey – it is 6371 kilometers to the Earth’s center. If we were able to walk directly to the Earth’s center, it would take about 53 days (at 5 km/hr, 24 hours per day) of walking. And then, we’d have to ...
1 Historical perspective perspective
... region of Canada, and Asia), and consisted of North America, Greenland, Europe, and Asia. The southerly supercontinent is termed Gondwana (literally “land of the Gonds” after an ancient tribe of northern India), and consisted of South America, Antarctica, Africa, Madagascar, India, and Australasia. ...
... region of Canada, and Asia), and consisted of North America, Greenland, Europe, and Asia. The southerly supercontinent is termed Gondwana (literally “land of the Gonds” after an ancient tribe of northern India), and consisted of South America, Antarctica, Africa, Madagascar, India, and Australasia. ...
and at the subduction zones Lesser Antilles Subduction Zone
... Fossils of the same plants and animals found on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean Strange grooves cut by ancient glaciers that line up ...
... Fossils of the same plants and animals found on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean Strange grooves cut by ancient glaciers that line up ...
PLATE TECTONICS online
... determined looking at the ages of the oceanic crust and its distance from the mid ocean ridge. We call this “relative motion” because both plates on either side of the mid ocean ridge are moving. For example: 3 million year old oceanic crust is 250 km from the mid ocean ridge where it was erupted, s ...
... determined looking at the ages of the oceanic crust and its distance from the mid ocean ridge. We call this “relative motion” because both plates on either side of the mid ocean ridge are moving. For example: 3 million year old oceanic crust is 250 km from the mid ocean ridge where it was erupted, s ...
Climate variability and ocean production in the Leeuwin Current
... (Figure 9a). Air-sea fluxes and exchanges with subtropical water masses modify the LC waters when the current flows southward. North of Abrolhos, both temperature and salinity stratifications contribute to produce a relatively strong and shallow thermocline (<100 m). Salinity maximum (>35.7 psu) sub ...
... (Figure 9a). Air-sea fluxes and exchanges with subtropical water masses modify the LC waters when the current flows southward. North of Abrolhos, both temperature and salinity stratifications contribute to produce a relatively strong and shallow thermocline (<100 m). Salinity maximum (>35.7 psu) sub ...
the dynamic earth
... The atmosphere is divided into _____ layers based on temperature changes that occur at different distances above the Earth’s surface. These layers are called the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. 1. ______________________: Nearest Earth’s surface Extends to about 18km abov ...
... The atmosphere is divided into _____ layers based on temperature changes that occur at different distances above the Earth’s surface. These layers are called the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. 1. ______________________: Nearest Earth’s surface Extends to about 18km abov ...
Sea Floor Spreading powerpoint
... under-water objects and then records the echoes of these sound waves. The time it takes for the echo to arrive indicates the distance to the object. ...
... under-water objects and then records the echoes of these sound waves. The time it takes for the echo to arrive indicates the distance to the object. ...
Sea-Floor Spreading - Moore Middle School PTSA
... under-water objects and then records the echoes of these sound waves. The time it takes for the echo to arrive indicates the distance to the object. ...
... under-water objects and then records the echoes of these sound waves. The time it takes for the echo to arrive indicates the distance to the object. ...
Ocean
An ocean (from Ancient Greek Ὠκεανός, transc. Okeanós, the sea of classical antiquity) is a body of saline water that composes much of a planet's hydrosphere. On Earth, an ocean is one of the major conventional divisions of the World Ocean, which covers almost 71% of its surface. These are, in descending order by area, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and Arctic Oceans. The word sea is often used interchangeably with ""ocean"" in American English but, strictly speaking, a sea is a body of saline water (generally a division of the world ocean) partly or fully enclosed by land.Saline water covers approximately 72% of the planet's surface (~3.6×108 km2) and is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas, with the ocean covering approximately 71% of Earth's surface. The ocean contains 97% of Earth's water, and oceanographers have stated that only 5% of the World Ocean has been explored. The total volume is approximately 1.35 billion cubic kilometers (320 million cu mi) with an average depth of nearly 3,700 meters (12,100 ft).As it is the principal component of Earth's hydrosphere, the world ocean is integral to all known life, forms part of the carbon cycle, and influences climate and weather patterns. It is the habitat of 230,000 known species, although much of the oceans depths remain unexplored, and over two million marine species are estimated to exist. The origin of Earth's oceans remains unknown; oceans are thought to have formed in the Hadean period and may have been the impetus for the emergence of life.Extraterrestrial oceans may be composed of water or other elements and compounds. The only confirmed large stable bodies of extraterrestrial surface liquids are the lakes of Titan, although there is evidence for the existence of oceans elsewhere in the Solar System. Early in their geologic histories, Mars and Venus are theorized to have had large water oceans. The Mars ocean hypothesis suggests that nearly a third of the surface of Mars was once covered by water, and a runaway greenhouse effect may have boiled away the global ocean of Venus. Compounds such as salts and ammonia dissolved in water lower its freezing point, so that water might exist in large quantities in extraterrestrial environments as brine or convecting ice. Unconfirmed oceans are speculated beneath the surface of many dwarf planets and natural satellites; notably, the ocean of Europa is estimated to have over twice the water volume of Earth. The Solar System's giant planets are also thought to have liquid atmospheric layers of yet to be confirmed compositions. Oceans may also exist on exoplanets and exomoons, including surface oceans of liquid water within a circumstellar habitable zone. Ocean planets are a hypothetical type of planet with a surface completely covered with liquid.