GEF4400 “The Earth System”
... • Surface ocean currents are driven by the circulation of wind above surface waters, interacting with evaporation, sinking of cold water at high latitudes, and the Coriolis force generated by the earth's rotation. Frictional stress at the interface between the ocean and the wind causes the water to ...
... • Surface ocean currents are driven by the circulation of wind above surface waters, interacting with evaporation, sinking of cold water at high latitudes, and the Coriolis force generated by the earth's rotation. Frictional stress at the interface between the ocean and the wind causes the water to ...
Plate Tectonics
... were once compressed into a single continent which he called Pangaea (meaning "all lands"), and over time they have drifted apart into their current distribution. He believed that Pangaea was intact until about 300 million years ago, when it began to break up and drift apart. ...
... were once compressed into a single continent which he called Pangaea (meaning "all lands"), and over time they have drifted apart into their current distribution. He believed that Pangaea was intact until about 300 million years ago, when it began to break up and drift apart. ...
RP 3E2 Land and Water Features
... many factors. The basic energy source is the heating of land, ocean, and air by solar radiation. Transfer of heat energy at the interfaces of the atmosphere with the land and oceans produces layers at different temperatures in both the air and the oceans. These layers rise or sink or mix, giving ris ...
... many factors. The basic energy source is the heating of land, ocean, and air by solar radiation. Transfer of heat energy at the interfaces of the atmosphere with the land and oceans produces layers at different temperatures in both the air and the oceans. These layers rise or sink or mix, giving ris ...
10.1 Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics Lecture Outline Origin of
... When pressure drops enough, decompression melting occurs. This process takes place as hot yet solid mantle rock rises because it is less dense than the surrounding rock. As the rock rises, pressure on the rock decreases. This decrease lowers the rock’s melting point. ...
... When pressure drops enough, decompression melting occurs. This process takes place as hot yet solid mantle rock rises because it is less dense than the surrounding rock. As the rock rises, pressure on the rock decreases. This decrease lowers the rock’s melting point. ...
No Slide Title
... Magnetic pattern in rocks – Earth’s magnetic pole reverses – Magnetic crystals line up with earth’s poles when the magma hardens – Patterns in ocean rocks show parallel strips on either side of the ridge that match in width, age, distance from the ridge, and polarity ...
... Magnetic pattern in rocks – Earth’s magnetic pole reverses – Magnetic crystals line up with earth’s poles when the magma hardens – Patterns in ocean rocks show parallel strips on either side of the ridge that match in width, age, distance from the ridge, and polarity ...
plates - pribaudo
... • All information in LIME GREEN – main ideas – should be written to the LEFT of your divided page notes • All information in YELLOW – details – should be written to the RIGHT of your divided page notes ...
... • All information in LIME GREEN – main ideas – should be written to the LEFT of your divided page notes • All information in YELLOW – details – should be written to the RIGHT of your divided page notes ...
CoML Annual Report to the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research
... The Marine Microbes project (ICoMM) demonstrated a revolutionary DNA technique called “454 tag sequencing” and found that marine microbial diversity may be 10 to 100 times more than expected and that the vast majority of species are previously unknown, low-abundance organisms theorized to play an im ...
... The Marine Microbes project (ICoMM) demonstrated a revolutionary DNA technique called “454 tag sequencing” and found that marine microbial diversity may be 10 to 100 times more than expected and that the vast majority of species are previously unknown, low-abundance organisms theorized to play an im ...
Atmospheric Response to Atlantic Cold Blob - Blue
... Central/Eastern Europe • Confining SST anomalies to the Atlantic still leads to anomalously warm JJA conditions, but the signal is slightly weaker • Using T ((and S-anomalies) from a hindcast with the same ocean model is a promising route for initialising coupled models when making intra-annual and ...
... Central/Eastern Europe • Confining SST anomalies to the Atlantic still leads to anomalously warm JJA conditions, but the signal is slightly weaker • Using T ((and S-anomalies) from a hindcast with the same ocean model is a promising route for initialising coupled models when making intra-annual and ...
Section 2: The Atmosphere - Mrs. Parsiola`s Homepage
... d. Indian Ocean 1. third largest 2. surface currents counterclockwise because in southern hemisphere e. Arctic Ocean 1. smallest 2. unique because much of its surface is covered by floating ice called pack ice which forms when either waves or wind drive together frozen sea ice into a large mass 4. O ...
... d. Indian Ocean 1. third largest 2. surface currents counterclockwise because in southern hemisphere e. Arctic Ocean 1. smallest 2. unique because much of its surface is covered by floating ice called pack ice which forms when either waves or wind drive together frozen sea ice into a large mass 4. O ...
Equipments *SV *SAMUDDRICA - National Aquatic Resources
... function of Depth. Conductivity is important parameter because it determines the dissolved salts in the sea water. From the conductivity, temperature and depth of any measurement we can calculate the salinity, density and other properties that allow us to trace movement and processes such as mixing ...
... function of Depth. Conductivity is important parameter because it determines the dissolved salts in the sea water. From the conductivity, temperature and depth of any measurement we can calculate the salinity, density and other properties that allow us to trace movement and processes such as mixing ...
QR-5 Plate Tectonics Answer each of the following questions and
... Answer the following chapter questions. 1. Briefly describe the view held by most geologists regarding the ocean basins and continents prior to the 1960’s 2. What was the first line of evidence that led early investigators to suspect the continents were once connected? 3. Explain why the discovery o ...
... Answer the following chapter questions. 1. Briefly describe the view held by most geologists regarding the ocean basins and continents prior to the 1960’s 2. What was the first line of evidence that led early investigators to suspect the continents were once connected? 3. Explain why the discovery o ...
Exploitation of sea-based resources and acidification
... Impacts of deep-sea mining include the creation of sediment plumes which affect marine life greatly. These plumes are caused by the residue from mining, once it is dumped back into the ocean. This creates a cloud of particles either on the surface of the water or on the seafloor. Near-bottom plumes ...
... Impacts of deep-sea mining include the creation of sediment plumes which affect marine life greatly. These plumes are caused by the residue from mining, once it is dumped back into the ocean. This creates a cloud of particles either on the surface of the water or on the seafloor. Near-bottom plumes ...
The Present and Future of Exploration for Deep Seabed Mineral
... typically form along mid-ocean ridges where tectonic plates diverge and new crusts form. ...
... typically form along mid-ocean ridges where tectonic plates diverge and new crusts form. ...
Chapter 16 Oceans, Shorelines and Shoreline Processes Exploring
... – Deep-ocean sediments mostly consist of: ...
... – Deep-ocean sediments mostly consist of: ...
Global linkages and influences - Gateway Antarctica
... 2000). As this mass of water moves further south it is joined by pulses of very salty water from the Mediterranean Sea. The three sources of water slowly mix together vertically to form what is then known as North Atlantic Deep Water (“NADW”). The NADW makes its way south until it is integrated in w ...
... 2000). As this mass of water moves further south it is joined by pulses of very salty water from the Mediterranean Sea. The three sources of water slowly mix together vertically to form what is then known as North Atlantic Deep Water (“NADW”). The NADW makes its way south until it is integrated in w ...
Thoughts on the evolution of modern oceans
... Indian and Atlantic oceans originated during the middle Meso zoic, and that the Arctic Ocean probably began somewhat later, that is, in the late Mesozoic or possibly as late as the Cenozoic. These Russian authors suggested that the world ocean system initially consisted of relatively shallow marine ...
... Indian and Atlantic oceans originated during the middle Meso zoic, and that the Arctic Ocean probably began somewhat later, that is, in the late Mesozoic or possibly as late as the Cenozoic. These Russian authors suggested that the world ocean system initially consisted of relatively shallow marine ...
Ch.4 Notes
... Due Explain how Sea Floor spreading occurs. You must include: - rift valley - magma - asthenosphere iron magnetism north and south poles use a diagram to help explain where the old rock and new rock is located why is this important to Alfred Wegeners idea of continental drift It should take at least ...
... Due Explain how Sea Floor spreading occurs. You must include: - rift valley - magma - asthenosphere iron magnetism north and south poles use a diagram to help explain where the old rock and new rock is located why is this important to Alfred Wegeners idea of continental drift It should take at least ...
Earth Systems 3209 - Heritage Collegiate
... 20. The viscosity of magma, plus the quantity of dissolved gases and the ease with which they can escape, determines the nature of volcanic eruptions. Word Choice. Complete each of the following statements by selecting the correct response(s). Write the correct response on the answer sheet on page 8 ...
... 20. The viscosity of magma, plus the quantity of dissolved gases and the ease with which they can escape, determines the nature of volcanic eruptions. Word Choice. Complete each of the following statements by selecting the correct response(s). Write the correct response on the answer sheet on page 8 ...
Big Als Big Oceans
... in the ocean or other marine or brackish bodies of water. • Marine biology is of great importance because marine flora and fauna play large role in the oxygen cycle. Ocean water can undergo photolysis and introduce O2 into the atmosphere. • As we know marine resources are very valuable. They provide ...
... in the ocean or other marine or brackish bodies of water. • Marine biology is of great importance because marine flora and fauna play large role in the oxygen cycle. Ocean water can undergo photolysis and introduce O2 into the atmosphere. • As we know marine resources are very valuable. They provide ...
Plate Tectonics Theory
... • Matching fossils found on adjacent continents across the ocean. • Matching rock types found on adjacent continents across the ocean. • Erosion and depositional features found on adjacent continents across the ocean. • Magnetic patterns found on the ocean floor (not discovered until the 1960s). • H ...
... • Matching fossils found on adjacent continents across the ocean. • Matching rock types found on adjacent continents across the ocean. • Erosion and depositional features found on adjacent continents across the ocean. • Magnetic patterns found on the ocean floor (not discovered until the 1960s). • H ...
Accretion and Differentiation of Earth
... many different regions Volatile depletion in the terrestrial planet forming materials (affects potassium; not U & Th) Zonation of composition in terrestrial zone is unlikely ...
... many different regions Volatile depletion in the terrestrial planet forming materials (affects potassium; not U & Th) Zonation of composition in terrestrial zone is unlikely ...
ch03_sec1
... melted rock, that rises from the Earth’s interior to the surface, and can occur on land or in the sea. Volcanoes are often located near tectonic plate boundaries where plates are either colliding or separating from one another. The majority of the world’s active volcanoes on land are located alo ...
... melted rock, that rises from the Earth’s interior to the surface, and can occur on land or in the sea. Volcanoes are often located near tectonic plate boundaries where plates are either colliding or separating from one another. The majority of the world’s active volcanoes on land are located alo ...
Section 17.3 Theory of Plate Tectonics
... 6. What evidence suggests that Africa & India were once closer to the South Pole? Bellringer #7 1. How will lithospheric plates that are directly above a rising current move? Together or apart? 2. How will a plate above a sinking current move? Together or apart? 3. Use ONE word to describe the ...
... 6. What evidence suggests that Africa & India were once closer to the South Pole? Bellringer #7 1. How will lithospheric plates that are directly above a rising current move? Together or apart? 2. How will a plate above a sinking current move? Together or apart? 3. Use ONE word to describe the ...
Ocean Fertilization
... ecosystem. The increase in concentration of the limiting nutrient can enhance algal biomass by as much as three orders of magnitude (0.2 μg L−1 for natural waters compared to 200 μg L−1 for eutrophic waters) (Gilbert et al., 2008). The algal bloom at the ocean surface reduces light penetration durin ...
... ecosystem. The increase in concentration of the limiting nutrient can enhance algal biomass by as much as three orders of magnitude (0.2 μg L−1 for natural waters compared to 200 μg L−1 for eutrophic waters) (Gilbert et al., 2008). The algal bloom at the ocean surface reduces light penetration durin ...
Ocean
An ocean (from Ancient Greek Ὠκεανός, transc. Okeanós, the sea of classical antiquity) is a body of saline water that composes much of a planet's hydrosphere. On Earth, an ocean is one of the major conventional divisions of the World Ocean, which covers almost 71% of its surface. These are, in descending order by area, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and Arctic Oceans. The word sea is often used interchangeably with ""ocean"" in American English but, strictly speaking, a sea is a body of saline water (generally a division of the world ocean) partly or fully enclosed by land.Saline water covers approximately 72% of the planet's surface (~3.6×108 km2) and is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas, with the ocean covering approximately 71% of Earth's surface. The ocean contains 97% of Earth's water, and oceanographers have stated that only 5% of the World Ocean has been explored. The total volume is approximately 1.35 billion cubic kilometers (320 million cu mi) with an average depth of nearly 3,700 meters (12,100 ft).As it is the principal component of Earth's hydrosphere, the world ocean is integral to all known life, forms part of the carbon cycle, and influences climate and weather patterns. It is the habitat of 230,000 known species, although much of the oceans depths remain unexplored, and over two million marine species are estimated to exist. The origin of Earth's oceans remains unknown; oceans are thought to have formed in the Hadean period and may have been the impetus for the emergence of life.Extraterrestrial oceans may be composed of water or other elements and compounds. The only confirmed large stable bodies of extraterrestrial surface liquids are the lakes of Titan, although there is evidence for the existence of oceans elsewhere in the Solar System. Early in their geologic histories, Mars and Venus are theorized to have had large water oceans. The Mars ocean hypothesis suggests that nearly a third of the surface of Mars was once covered by water, and a runaway greenhouse effect may have boiled away the global ocean of Venus. Compounds such as salts and ammonia dissolved in water lower its freezing point, so that water might exist in large quantities in extraterrestrial environments as brine or convecting ice. Unconfirmed oceans are speculated beneath the surface of many dwarf planets and natural satellites; notably, the ocean of Europa is estimated to have over twice the water volume of Earth. The Solar System's giant planets are also thought to have liquid atmospheric layers of yet to be confirmed compositions. Oceans may also exist on exoplanets and exomoons, including surface oceans of liquid water within a circumstellar habitable zone. Ocean planets are a hypothetical type of planet with a surface completely covered with liquid.