Mechanisms of axon degeneration: From development to disease
... highlighted how this is an active process of controlled axon self-destruction similar in many ways to the active selfdestruction of cells during apoptosis (Coleman, 2005; Low and Cheng, 2005; Luo and O’Leary, 2005; Raff et al., 2002). Although the molecular mechanisms involved are different (but see ...
... highlighted how this is an active process of controlled axon self-destruction similar in many ways to the active selfdestruction of cells during apoptosis (Coleman, 2005; Low and Cheng, 2005; Luo and O’Leary, 2005; Raff et al., 2002). Although the molecular mechanisms involved are different (but see ...
On-line Optical Operant Conditioning of Cortical Activity
... Animals can learn to modify their voluntary behavior to gain rewards in the positive reinforcement form of operant conditioning. It has been shown that animals can also learn to modify neuronal activity that is directly rewarded by using electrophysiological recordings. Electrophysiological approach ...
... Animals can learn to modify their voluntary behavior to gain rewards in the positive reinforcement form of operant conditioning. It has been shown that animals can also learn to modify neuronal activity that is directly rewarded by using electrophysiological recordings. Electrophysiological approach ...
Neural Activity in Macaque Parietal Cortex Reflects
... 1988; Roitman and Shadlen, 2002). Each trial began when the monkey fixated a central fixation point. Then, two choice targets appeared, typically 180° degrees opposite one another, at the same eccentricity. After a random wait period (truncated exponential distribution: tmin ⫽ 150 ms; tmax ⫽ 3200 ms ...
... 1988; Roitman and Shadlen, 2002). Each trial began when the monkey fixated a central fixation point. Then, two choice targets appeared, typically 180° degrees opposite one another, at the same eccentricity. After a random wait period (truncated exponential distribution: tmin ⫽ 150 ms; tmax ⫽ 3200 ms ...
The Role of Mirror Neurons in Movement
... performing a similar action. Some premotor (F5) mirror neurons have also been shown to be corticospinal neurons, meaning that spinal targets are also influenced during action observation. Simultaneous electromyography (EMG) recordings from hand and arm muscles provide important evidence that the act ...
... performing a similar action. Some premotor (F5) mirror neurons have also been shown to be corticospinal neurons, meaning that spinal targets are also influenced during action observation. Simultaneous electromyography (EMG) recordings from hand and arm muscles provide important evidence that the act ...
Neural Coding of Distinct Statistical Properties of
... 2003). This phasic dopamine signal may be used as a teaching signal by other brain structures for the learning of rewarddirected behavior. After conditioning in a Pavlovian procedure in which distinct visual stimuli have specific reward probability, the phasic dopamine signal varies linearly with rew ...
... 2003). This phasic dopamine signal may be used as a teaching signal by other brain structures for the learning of rewarddirected behavior. After conditioning in a Pavlovian procedure in which distinct visual stimuli have specific reward probability, the phasic dopamine signal varies linearly with rew ...
Delineation of motoneuron subgroups supplying
... between monkey and man is seen for the CR input, which labels only motoneurons of eye muscles participating in upgaze (SR, IO and LP). The CCN contained LP motoneurons, and nIV those of SO. This study provides a map of the individual subgroups of motoneurons in human nIII for the first time, and sug ...
... between monkey and man is seen for the CR input, which labels only motoneurons of eye muscles participating in upgaze (SR, IO and LP). The CCN contained LP motoneurons, and nIV those of SO. This study provides a map of the individual subgroups of motoneurons in human nIII for the first time, and sug ...
Central pituitary adenylate cyclase- activating polypeptide (PACAP
... (Laburthe et al., 2007). Consistent with the wide distribution of PACAP and VIP, and also their receptors, throughout the central nervous system and periphery, PACAP and VIP exert multiple actions (Vaudry et al., 2009). On the peripheral cardiovascular system, PACAP and VIP are considered to have po ...
... (Laburthe et al., 2007). Consistent with the wide distribution of PACAP and VIP, and also their receptors, throughout the central nervous system and periphery, PACAP and VIP exert multiple actions (Vaudry et al., 2009). On the peripheral cardiovascular system, PACAP and VIP are considered to have po ...
The central nervous system.
... a few receptor types.168 Furthermore, olfactory receptor cells characterized by such a limited set of receptor types are distributed evenly all over the mucosa.169 Thus, if each set of evenly distributed sensory cells characterized by few receptor types were to be identical to one set of sensory cel ...
... a few receptor types.168 Furthermore, olfactory receptor cells characterized by such a limited set of receptor types are distributed evenly all over the mucosa.169 Thus, if each set of evenly distributed sensory cells characterized by few receptor types were to be identical to one set of sensory cel ...
FLRT proteins act as guidance cues for migrating cortical interneurons
... can be used for reference or private study, as well as research and learning activities or materials in the terms established by the 32nd article of the Spanish Consolidated Copyright Act (RDL 1/1996). Express and previous authorization of the author is required for any other uses. In any case, when ...
... can be used for reference or private study, as well as research and learning activities or materials in the terms established by the 32nd article of the Spanish Consolidated Copyright Act (RDL 1/1996). Express and previous authorization of the author is required for any other uses. In any case, when ...
elsevier second proof - Michigan State University
... subunits that are expressed in few other tissues; when stimulated, the G-protein activates type III adenylyl cyclase (Nakamura, 2000; Ronnett and Moon, 2002). The details of olfactory transduction are well understood for only a small number of vertebrate species, and involve myriad mechanisms (Fires ...
... subunits that are expressed in few other tissues; when stimulated, the G-protein activates type III adenylyl cyclase (Nakamura, 2000; Ronnett and Moon, 2002). The details of olfactory transduction are well understood for only a small number of vertebrate species, and involve myriad mechanisms (Fires ...
- Journal of Vestibular Research
... mammalian species (Table 3). Reactive synaptogenesis has often been suggested as a possible explanation for vestibular compensation; although there is evidence to support its occurrence in frog (for example, 66,67), the evidence from lower mammalian species (for example, 5 ,68) suggests that these c ...
... mammalian species (Table 3). Reactive synaptogenesis has often been suggested as a possible explanation for vestibular compensation; although there is evidence to support its occurrence in frog (for example, 66,67), the evidence from lower mammalian species (for example, 5 ,68) suggests that these c ...
Disease Modeling Using Embryonic Stem Cells
... nuclear staining that was absent in Mecp2/y neurons (Fig. 1C). To test whether wild-type and Mecp2/y ESC-derived neurons begin to express synaptic markers at similar rates, we monitored between day 1 and day 21 the levels of synaptophysin, a protein associated with presynaptic vesicles. As previou ...
... nuclear staining that was absent in Mecp2/y neurons (Fig. 1C). To test whether wild-type and Mecp2/y ESC-derived neurons begin to express synaptic markers at similar rates, we monitored between day 1 and day 21 the levels of synaptophysin, a protein associated with presynaptic vesicles. As previou ...
Active Placebo - Munin
... empirical evidence supports this notion. For instance, in order to avoid the problem of drug side effects, some clinical trials compare the drug to an active placebo. An active placebo is a drug, that has no effect on the outcome one is interested in, but which induce similar side effects as the dru ...
... empirical evidence supports this notion. For instance, in order to avoid the problem of drug side effects, some clinical trials compare the drug to an active placebo. An active placebo is a drug, that has no effect on the outcome one is interested in, but which induce similar side effects as the dru ...
Firing activities of auditory cortical neurons during categorical task
... and parsing it into units that can be processed, manipulated, and stored more efficiently than continuous variation. From an ethologist view categorization has been viewed as a process of searching for the set of releasers or key stimuli that trigger a specific behavior. General behavior is based on ...
... and parsing it into units that can be processed, manipulated, and stored more efficiently than continuous variation. From an ethologist view categorization has been viewed as a process of searching for the set of releasers or key stimuli that trigger a specific behavior. General behavior is based on ...
NIH Public Access
... As will become apparent in this review, much of the investigation into the role of mitochondrial Ca2+ transport in CNS diseases has focused around the induction of the permeability transition. There has been some controversy over the nature or even existence of the permeability transition in isolate ...
... As will become apparent in this review, much of the investigation into the role of mitochondrial Ca2+ transport in CNS diseases has focused around the induction of the permeability transition. There has been some controversy over the nature or even existence of the permeability transition in isolate ...
Read as PDF
... The third type of preparation was similar to one that has been described (Cropper et al., 1996). In some experiments the SRT was removed from the chitinous radula and cut in half. In other experiments the radula sac was removed, but the SRT was left attached to the radula. The radula nerve, buccal n ...
... The third type of preparation was similar to one that has been described (Cropper et al., 1996). In some experiments the SRT was removed from the chitinous radula and cut in half. In other experiments the radula sac was removed, but the SRT was left attached to the radula. The radula nerve, buccal n ...
Effect of PACAP in Central and Peripheral Nerve Injuries
... animals are injured from 2 m with a 450 g weight and the skull fracture is prevented by cementing a small stainless-steel disc on the calvaria modeling impact acceleration head injury. Using this model, our light microscopic examination showed that the vehicle- and drug-treated animals subjected to ...
... animals are injured from 2 m with a 450 g weight and the skull fracture is prevented by cementing a small stainless-steel disc on the calvaria modeling impact acceleration head injury. Using this model, our light microscopic examination showed that the vehicle- and drug-treated animals subjected to ...
Homologous Neurons and their Locomotor Functions in Nudibranch
... during the course of evolution than the periphery (Bramble and Wake, 1985; Wainwright and Lauder, 1986; Lauder and Shaffer, 1988; Sanderson, 1988; Goslow et al., 1989; Wainwright, 1989; Wainwright et al., 1989; Kavanau, 1990; Arbas et al., 1991; Edwards and Palka, 1991; Paul, 1991; Katz and Tazaki, ...
... during the course of evolution than the periphery (Bramble and Wake, 1985; Wainwright and Lauder, 1986; Lauder and Shaffer, 1988; Sanderson, 1988; Goslow et al., 1989; Wainwright, 1989; Wainwright et al., 1989; Kavanau, 1990; Arbas et al., 1991; Edwards and Palka, 1991; Paul, 1991; Katz and Tazaki, ...
The medial geniculate, not the amygdala, as the root of auditory fear
... acquisition and expression of fear responses to an auditory CS, demonstrating that neural activity in LA during conditioning is required for this type of fear learning to take place. 2. Second, artificial stimulation of thalamic and cortical synaptic inputs to LA can induce long-term potentiation (LT ...
... acquisition and expression of fear responses to an auditory CS, demonstrating that neural activity in LA during conditioning is required for this type of fear learning to take place. 2. Second, artificial stimulation of thalamic and cortical synaptic inputs to LA can induce long-term potentiation (LT ...
The natural hallucinogen 5-MeO-DMT, component of Ayahuasca
... Amazonian beverage traditionally used for ritual, religious and healing purposes that is being increasingly used for recreational purposes in US and Europe. 5MeO-DMT is of potential interest for schizophrenia research owing to its hallucinogenic properties. Two other psychotomimetic agents, phencycl ...
... Amazonian beverage traditionally used for ritual, religious and healing purposes that is being increasingly used for recreational purposes in US and Europe. 5MeO-DMT is of potential interest for schizophrenia research owing to its hallucinogenic properties. Two other psychotomimetic agents, phencycl ...
Thomas C. Südhof - Nobel Lecture Slides
... botulinum toxins (C. Montecucco + R. Jahn laboratories; 1992/1993) 2. Synaptobrevin, SNAP-25, and syntaxin form a complex, known as SNARE complex (J. Rothman laboratory; 1993) 3. Munc18 binds to SNAREs and is homologous to Unc18 and Sec1p, proteins known to be essential for C. elegans movements and ...
... botulinum toxins (C. Montecucco + R. Jahn laboratories; 1992/1993) 2. Synaptobrevin, SNAP-25, and syntaxin form a complex, known as SNARE complex (J. Rothman laboratory; 1993) 3. Munc18 binds to SNAREs and is homologous to Unc18 and Sec1p, proteins known to be essential for C. elegans movements and ...
Frontal Eye Field Sends Delay Activity Related to Movement
... provide the first detailed description of delay activity identified as leaving any part of the prefrontal cortex. We hypothesize that a major, general way in which prefrontal cortex influences behavior is to send a diversity of delay activity signals to more motor-related regions. An abstract of thi ...
... provide the first detailed description of delay activity identified as leaving any part of the prefrontal cortex. We hypothesize that a major, general way in which prefrontal cortex influences behavior is to send a diversity of delay activity signals to more motor-related regions. An abstract of thi ...
Propagation of Epileptiform Events across the Corpus Callosum in a
... dependent on intact GABA-A receptor activity, replicating in part a previous seizure study in cingulate cortex [13]. Focal application of bicuculline in one hemisphere produced local epileptiform events (EEs); when we simultaneously recorded single pyramidal neurons in whole-cell voltage-clamp mode ...
... dependent on intact GABA-A receptor activity, replicating in part a previous seizure study in cingulate cortex [13]. Focal application of bicuculline in one hemisphere produced local epileptiform events (EEs); when we simultaneously recorded single pyramidal neurons in whole-cell voltage-clamp mode ...
Study Guides/Part_11
... The IP (interposed nucleus) activity is a burst-tonic (velocity + positional tonic) pattern related to divergence and far accommodation The NRTP activity is a burst-tonic (velocity + positional tonic) pattern related to convergence and near accommodation Stimulation of a NRa cell will generate a PUR ...
... The IP (interposed nucleus) activity is a burst-tonic (velocity + positional tonic) pattern related to divergence and far accommodation The NRTP activity is a burst-tonic (velocity + positional tonic) pattern related to convergence and near accommodation Stimulation of a NRa cell will generate a PUR ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.