The Biological Perspective - Virgil Zeigler-Hill
... The absolute refractory period is the minimum length of time after an action potential during which another action potential cannot begin All–or–none law: Neurons fire or they do not fire (just like you cannot half-fire a gun) Neurons communicate stimulus intensity by their rate of firing ...
... The absolute refractory period is the minimum length of time after an action potential during which another action potential cannot begin All–or–none law: Neurons fire or they do not fire (just like you cannot half-fire a gun) Neurons communicate stimulus intensity by their rate of firing ...
Thrills That Kill
... about that, her parents thought. That's what kids do these days; they instant message their friends and "chat" for hours at a time. Only Caitlin had other reasons for going online. A high school freshman, she had trouble adjusting to her school's social cliques and their emphasis on being thin and f ...
... about that, her parents thought. That's what kids do these days; they instant message their friends and "chat" for hours at a time. Only Caitlin had other reasons for going online. A high school freshman, she had trouble adjusting to her school's social cliques and their emphasis on being thin and f ...
Representation of Acoustic Communication Signals
... the insect order Orthoptera. Their calling, courtship, and rivalry songs are based on broad-band carrier signals with amplitudes that are strongly modulated in time. Although lacking tonal elements, the songs possess an elaborate temporal structure, rhythmically arranged into distinct syllables sepa ...
... the insect order Orthoptera. Their calling, courtship, and rivalry songs are based on broad-band carrier signals with amplitudes that are strongly modulated in time. Although lacking tonal elements, the songs possess an elaborate temporal structure, rhythmically arranged into distinct syllables sepa ...
Action Potential
... • Voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels respond to a change in membrane potential • When a stimulus depolarizes the membrane, Na+ channels open, allowing Na+ to diffuse into the cell • The movement of Na+ into the cell increases the depolarization and causes even more Na+ channels to open • A strong sti ...
... • Voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels respond to a change in membrane potential • When a stimulus depolarizes the membrane, Na+ channels open, allowing Na+ to diffuse into the cell • The movement of Na+ into the cell increases the depolarization and causes even more Na+ channels to open • A strong sti ...
ppt
... area of the mammal brain, the hippocampus. • They fire strongly when an animal (a rat) is in a specific location of an environment. • Place cells were first described in 1971 by O'Keefe and Dostrovsky during experiments with rats. • View sensitive cells have been found in monkeys (Araujo et al, 2001 ...
... area of the mammal brain, the hippocampus. • They fire strongly when an animal (a rat) is in a specific location of an environment. • Place cells were first described in 1971 by O'Keefe and Dostrovsky during experiments with rats. • View sensitive cells have been found in monkeys (Araujo et al, 2001 ...
Touch Pressure & Pain
... telling you something is wrong. It tells you to change your behavior immediately. • Any external stimulus that can produce tissue damage can cause pain. • Internal stimuli like disease or infection can also cause pain. • Certain areas of the body are more sensitive than others • Itch is caused by "i ...
... telling you something is wrong. It tells you to change your behavior immediately. • Any external stimulus that can produce tissue damage can cause pain. • Internal stimuli like disease or infection can also cause pain. • Certain areas of the body are more sensitive than others • Itch is caused by "i ...
BOX 43.1 THE OPTICAL FRACTIONATOR STEREOLOGICAL
... Serial histological sections are prepared through the rostrocaudal extent of the hippocampus and are stained by routine methods for visualizing neurons microscopically. An evenly spaced series of the sections is then chosen for analysis (positions represented schematically in top panel). This first ...
... Serial histological sections are prepared through the rostrocaudal extent of the hippocampus and are stained by routine methods for visualizing neurons microscopically. An evenly spaced series of the sections is then chosen for analysis (positions represented schematically in top panel). This first ...
Integumentary System Outline
... Makes ridges known as fingerprints Blood vessels, nerve endings, sebaceous and sweat glands, hair follicles ...
... Makes ridges known as fingerprints Blood vessels, nerve endings, sebaceous and sweat glands, hair follicles ...
A1987K582900002
... in the rat visual cortex. His findings utilized a combined Golgi electron-microscopic method that revealed valuable new information about the synaptic relationships of the local circuit neurons of the cerebral cortex. The results of my study showed that the basket plexus that surrounds virtually eve ...
... in the rat visual cortex. His findings utilized a combined Golgi electron-microscopic method that revealed valuable new information about the synaptic relationships of the local circuit neurons of the cerebral cortex. The results of my study showed that the basket plexus that surrounds virtually eve ...
Sympathetic nervous system
... • Synaptic Transmission: the process by which nerve impulses are carried across the small gap, the synapse, between one neuron and another. The nerve impulse is an electrical signal which is carried by chemicals called neurotransmitters. • This happens at very high speed e.g. visual information seem ...
... • Synaptic Transmission: the process by which nerve impulses are carried across the small gap, the synapse, between one neuron and another. The nerve impulse is an electrical signal which is carried by chemicals called neurotransmitters. • This happens at very high speed e.g. visual information seem ...
Group Redundancy Measures Reveals Redundancy Reduction in the Auditory Pathway
... j1 in equation 6 proves highly useful in the case where neural activities are independent given the stimulus ( j ) = =1 ( j ). In such scenario, the rst (synergy) term vanishes, thus limiting neural interactions to the redundant regime. More importantly, under the independence assumption we only ...
... j1 in equation 6 proves highly useful in the case where neural activities are independent given the stimulus ( j ) = =1 ( j ). In such scenario, the rst (synergy) term vanishes, thus limiting neural interactions to the redundant regime. More importantly, under the independence assumption we only ...
Reflexes
... cleft and binds to its receptors on the sarcolemma. 5 ACh binding opens ion channels in the receptors that allow simultaneous passage of Na+ into the muscle fiber and K+ out of the muscle fiber. More Na+ ions enter than K+ ions exit, which produces a local change in the membrane potential called the ...
... cleft and binds to its receptors on the sarcolemma. 5 ACh binding opens ion channels in the receptors that allow simultaneous passage of Na+ into the muscle fiber and K+ out of the muscle fiber. More Na+ ions enter than K+ ions exit, which produces a local change in the membrane potential called the ...
18 The Somatosensory System II: Touch, Thermal Sense, and Pain
... • If you step on a sharp object with your left foot, your spinothalamic tract enables you to realize “something sharp is puncturing the sole of my ...
... • If you step on a sharp object with your left foot, your spinothalamic tract enables you to realize “something sharp is puncturing the sole of my ...
Option H Further Human Physiology
... Peptide hormone in blood binds to specific receptor glycoprotein on plasma membrane of target cell. ...
... Peptide hormone in blood binds to specific receptor glycoprotein on plasma membrane of target cell. ...
Fellmann et al/Human Geography, 8/e
... simplest type of nervous system is the nerve net which is found in the cnidarians. In this type of nervous system, all nerves are connected to each other in a network and can be activated at once. As a result of this, cnidarians can contract and move large areas of its body and its tentacles at the ...
... simplest type of nervous system is the nerve net which is found in the cnidarians. In this type of nervous system, all nerves are connected to each other in a network and can be activated at once. As a result of this, cnidarians can contract and move large areas of its body and its tentacles at the ...
Chapter 3
... as masochism, sadism, and pedophilia could develop through Classical Conditioning? Do you have any ideas of how these aberrant behaviors could be treated? ...
... as masochism, sadism, and pedophilia could develop through Classical Conditioning? Do you have any ideas of how these aberrant behaviors could be treated? ...
Chapter 13 - Integration
... Proprioception does not adapt, thus allowing the brain to be informed continually of the status of different parts of the body so that adjustments can be made to ensure coordination. Receptors for proprioception include: o Muscle spindle fibers (located within muscles) o Golgi tendon organs (loc ...
... Proprioception does not adapt, thus allowing the brain to be informed continually of the status of different parts of the body so that adjustments can be made to ensure coordination. Receptors for proprioception include: o Muscle spindle fibers (located within muscles) o Golgi tendon organs (loc ...
Honors Thesis
... trying to contain himself. As others slight him through the day, he gets more and more frustrated, but he does not act on his building resentment. Then, someone upsets him and he deems the offense his final straw – he explodes. Analogously, the neuron will have to receive many inputs before it relea ...
... trying to contain himself. As others slight him through the day, he gets more and more frustrated, but he does not act on his building resentment. Then, someone upsets him and he deems the offense his final straw – he explodes. Analogously, the neuron will have to receive many inputs before it relea ...
Answers to Test Your Knowledge questions for
... It might mean that the neurons in a region do not necessarily change their connection with other neurons but there is an internal change within the neuron. Thus, in response to an excitatory input, the rate at which the target neuron generates action potentials increases. Another possibility is that ...
... It might mean that the neurons in a region do not necessarily change their connection with other neurons but there is an internal change within the neuron. Thus, in response to an excitatory input, the rate at which the target neuron generates action potentials increases. Another possibility is that ...
THE SPINAL CORD AND SPINAL REFLEXES
... secondary endings signal the static length of the muscle (static sensitivity), whereas only the primary ending signals the length changes (movements) and their velocity (dynamic sensitivity). The change of firing frequency of group Ia and group II fibers can then be related to static muscle length ( ...
... secondary endings signal the static length of the muscle (static sensitivity), whereas only the primary ending signals the length changes (movements) and their velocity (dynamic sensitivity). The change of firing frequency of group Ia and group II fibers can then be related to static muscle length ( ...
5. Discussion - UvA-DARE - University of Amsterdam
... The last chapter revolved around the question of how a change in brain state, i.e. the difference between wakefulness and being under anesthesia, alters activity patterns of neurons in the primary visual cortex that emerge spontaneously and in response to visual stimuli. Using two-photon calcium ima ...
... The last chapter revolved around the question of how a change in brain state, i.e. the difference between wakefulness and being under anesthesia, alters activity patterns of neurons in the primary visual cortex that emerge spontaneously and in response to visual stimuli. Using two-photon calcium ima ...
seminario - Instituto Cajal
... retrogradely-labeled neurons from both tegmental areas within the PeF, some of which contained Hcrt, and positive Hcrt synapses on dRPO and vRPO neurons. Hcrt-1 application in dRPO provoked an increase in dRPO neurons activity that was blocked with Hcrt-1R antagonists. Iontophoretic application of H ...
... retrogradely-labeled neurons from both tegmental areas within the PeF, some of which contained Hcrt, and positive Hcrt synapses on dRPO and vRPO neurons. Hcrt-1 application in dRPO provoked an increase in dRPO neurons activity that was blocked with Hcrt-1R antagonists. Iontophoretic application of H ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.