Integrator or coincidence detector? The role of the cortical neuron
... from interactions among responses to unrelated stimuli. The two modes of neuronal operation behave quite differently with respect to these sources of errors (Fig. 2). Neurons operating in a temporal integration mode will, by definition, integrate all incoming activity, including noise and potentiall ...
... from interactions among responses to unrelated stimuli. The two modes of neuronal operation behave quite differently with respect to these sources of errors (Fig. 2). Neurons operating in a temporal integration mode will, by definition, integrate all incoming activity, including noise and potentiall ...
CH 14 brain cranial nerves A and P 2017
... inferior temporal areas hearing – superior temporal lobe and insula are the primary auditory cortex, the association area is in the inferior and deep temporal lobe, this is where we become capable of recognizing spoken words, pieces of music, and voices without seeing a face ...
... inferior temporal areas hearing – superior temporal lobe and insula are the primary auditory cortex, the association area is in the inferior and deep temporal lobe, this is where we become capable of recognizing spoken words, pieces of music, and voices without seeing a face ...
Cholinergic modulation of synaptic properties of cortical layer VI
... (P<0.01, Wilcoxon test). In other words, EPSPs were 2.5 times more enhanced during the stimulation train with cholinergic agonist than without. To summarize, in this study we examined the cholinergic influence on the synaptic properties of corticothalamic input from layer VI to PoM. Our results demo ...
... (P<0.01, Wilcoxon test). In other words, EPSPs were 2.5 times more enhanced during the stimulation train with cholinergic agonist than without. To summarize, in this study we examined the cholinergic influence on the synaptic properties of corticothalamic input from layer VI to PoM. Our results demo ...
Lab8
... OVERVIEW OF AUDITORY SYSTEM The auditory system allows for conscious perception of sound. Impulses from hair cells of the Organ of Corti traverse the peripheral processes of the cochlear nerve (of VIII). These fibers have cell bodies in the spiral ganglion (modiolus of the cochlea) and central proc ...
... OVERVIEW OF AUDITORY SYSTEM The auditory system allows for conscious perception of sound. Impulses from hair cells of the Organ of Corti traverse the peripheral processes of the cochlear nerve (of VIII). These fibers have cell bodies in the spiral ganglion (modiolus of the cochlea) and central proc ...
13-1 CHAPTER 13 SYNAPSES The nervous system consists of
... nervous system acetylcholine has both a fast action (4 to 7-msec latency and a 200-msec duration) and a slow action (200 to 300msec latency and a 5-sec or longer duration). Both effects occur on the same postsynaptic cell! The rapid-onset, briefer effects of acetylcholine at skeletal muscle are appa ...
... nervous system acetylcholine has both a fast action (4 to 7-msec latency and a 200-msec duration) and a slow action (200 to 300msec latency and a 5-sec or longer duration). Both effects occur on the same postsynaptic cell! The rapid-onset, briefer effects of acetylcholine at skeletal muscle are appa ...
This Week in The Journal - The Journal of Neuroscience
... neurons in slices. One population expressed nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs) containing ␣42 subunits, while the other population expressed ␣7-containing nAChRs. Compared to ␣7-expressing neurons, those expressing ␣42 were more sensitive to ACh, and their activity remained elevated for a longer per ...
... neurons in slices. One population expressed nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs) containing ␣42 subunits, while the other population expressed ␣7-containing nAChRs. Compared to ␣7-expressing neurons, those expressing ␣42 were more sensitive to ACh, and their activity remained elevated for a longer per ...
INFORMATION PROCESSING WITH POPULATION CODES
... architecture of the brain. What are the units of computation and how is information represented at the neural level? An important part of the answers to these questions is that individual elements of information are encoded not by single cells, but rather by populations or clusters of cells. This en ...
... architecture of the brain. What are the units of computation and how is information represented at the neural level? An important part of the answers to these questions is that individual elements of information are encoded not by single cells, but rather by populations or clusters of cells. This en ...
Nerve activates contraction
... with air and bone conduction with tuning fork IX Glossopharyngeal nerve – sensory for taste and touch, pressure, pain from posterior tongue; motor fibers to the swallowing muscles in pharynx; test for gag and swallowing reflex, ...
... with air and bone conduction with tuning fork IX Glossopharyngeal nerve – sensory for taste and touch, pressure, pain from posterior tongue; motor fibers to the swallowing muscles in pharynx; test for gag and swallowing reflex, ...
Embryology of the Nervous System
... Incomplete closure of the spinal neural tube and/or the spine. The severity of the defect is variable and most often is of no consequence. ...
... Incomplete closure of the spinal neural tube and/or the spine. The severity of the defect is variable and most often is of no consequence. ...
Analogues of simple and complex cells in rhesus monkey auditory
... A small number of neurons (n = 11) were tested at more than one sound level. Ten neurons were tested at two, and one neuron at three levels. Although response amplitude varied with sound level (sometimes in a nonmonotonic fashion), as one would expect, ON and OFF responses changed in similar proport ...
... A small number of neurons (n = 11) were tested at more than one sound level. Ten neurons were tested at two, and one neuron at three levels. Although response amplitude varied with sound level (sometimes in a nonmonotonic fashion), as one would expect, ON and OFF responses changed in similar proport ...
Spring 2011 MCB Transcript
... Isacoff’s lab studies the how the nervous system is able to time and send signals that drive orderly locomotion. Because muscles on each side of the body need to alternate, some sort of clock is needed for coordination. This timing mechanism is named the central pattern generator (CPG), but how it w ...
... Isacoff’s lab studies the how the nervous system is able to time and send signals that drive orderly locomotion. Because muscles on each side of the body need to alternate, some sort of clock is needed for coordination. This timing mechanism is named the central pattern generator (CPG), but how it w ...
Biology 3B Exam 3 Stuff Here`s a quick list of items for the next exam
... • Types of feeding mechanisms, intracellular vs extracellular digestion • Know the accessory and digestive organs discussed along with their functions • Know the GI hormones and enzymes discussed (where found and function), target site(s), stimulus for release • Where and how nutrients are absorbed ...
... • Types of feeding mechanisms, intracellular vs extracellular digestion • Know the accessory and digestive organs discussed along with their functions • Know the GI hormones and enzymes discussed (where found and function), target site(s), stimulus for release • Where and how nutrients are absorbed ...
Descending Tracts - Bell`s Palsy
... 1. medially: cervical parts of the body 2. laterally: lower limbs. When the tract enters the pons, it's broken into many bundles by the transverse pontocerebellar fibers. In the medulla oblongata, the bundles group together to form the pyramids. At the junction of the MO and the spinal cord, most fi ...
... 1. medially: cervical parts of the body 2. laterally: lower limbs. When the tract enters the pons, it's broken into many bundles by the transverse pontocerebellar fibers. In the medulla oblongata, the bundles group together to form the pyramids. At the junction of the MO and the spinal cord, most fi ...
File
... nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. In general, the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems have opposite effects on each organ they influence. The two systems produce a level of fine control that coordinates organs throughout the body. For example, heart rate is increased by the ...
... nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. In general, the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems have opposite effects on each organ they influence. The two systems produce a level of fine control that coordinates organs throughout the body. For example, heart rate is increased by the ...
1 - optometrie.ch
... central nervous system. When we refer to white matter, we mean axons. Axons are white (cell bodies are gray), in the fresh state (not stained) because they have myelin wrapped around them. Myelin is partially made up of lipid. Lipid is white in appearance. The myelin of the central nervous system is ...
... central nervous system. When we refer to white matter, we mean axons. Axons are white (cell bodies are gray), in the fresh state (not stained) because they have myelin wrapped around them. Myelin is partially made up of lipid. Lipid is white in appearance. The myelin of the central nervous system is ...
The Neurological Examination
... Primary Sensory Modalities Reflect Input from sensory receptors, sensory nerves, spinal cord, brainstem, through to the level of the Thalamus. Cortical Sensory Modalities Reflect Processing by the Somatosensory Cortex (post-central gyrus) ...
... Primary Sensory Modalities Reflect Input from sensory receptors, sensory nerves, spinal cord, brainstem, through to the level of the Thalamus. Cortical Sensory Modalities Reflect Processing by the Somatosensory Cortex (post-central gyrus) ...
The Neurological Examination
... Primary Sensory Modalities Reflect Input from sensory receptors, sensory nerves, spinal cord, brainstem, through to the level of the Thalamus. Cortical Sensory Modalities Reflect Processing by the Somatosensory Cortex (post-central gyrus) ...
... Primary Sensory Modalities Reflect Input from sensory receptors, sensory nerves, spinal cord, brainstem, through to the level of the Thalamus. Cortical Sensory Modalities Reflect Processing by the Somatosensory Cortex (post-central gyrus) ...
sense organs
... – hypothalamus and amygdala control autonomic reflexes – salivation, gagging and vomiting – thalamus relays signals to postcentral gyrus of cerebrum for conscious sense of taste • sent on to orbitofrontal cortex to be integrated with signals from nose and eyes - form impression of flavor and palatab ...
... – hypothalamus and amygdala control autonomic reflexes – salivation, gagging and vomiting – thalamus relays signals to postcentral gyrus of cerebrum for conscious sense of taste • sent on to orbitofrontal cortex to be integrated with signals from nose and eyes - form impression of flavor and palatab ...
Reduced brain habituation to somatosensory stimulation in patients
... compared with healthy control subjects (11,12). In addition, brain responses to painful simulation in FM patients were characterized by reduced thalamic activity relative to that in the healthy controls, which was interpreted as an abnormal inhibitory mechanism induced by persistent excitatory input ...
... compared with healthy control subjects (11,12). In addition, brain responses to painful simulation in FM patients were characterized by reduced thalamic activity relative to that in the healthy controls, which was interpreted as an abnormal inhibitory mechanism induced by persistent excitatory input ...
Peripheral Nervous System - cK-12
... The motor division of the peripheral system carries messages from the central nervous system to internal organs and muscles. The motor division is also divided into two parts (Figure 1.4), the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. The somatic nervous system carries messages that c ...
... The motor division of the peripheral system carries messages from the central nervous system to internal organs and muscles. The motor division is also divided into two parts (Figure 1.4), the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. The somatic nervous system carries messages that c ...
Somatosensory Systems: Pain and Temperature - Dr
... anterior spinothalamic tract is located just anterior to the lateral spinothalamic tract within the spinal cord and medulla. Other than this slightly more lateral position, the anterior spinothalamic tract follows the same path as the lateral spinothalamic tract. It begins with receptors in the skin ...
... anterior spinothalamic tract is located just anterior to the lateral spinothalamic tract within the spinal cord and medulla. Other than this slightly more lateral position, the anterior spinothalamic tract follows the same path as the lateral spinothalamic tract. It begins with receptors in the skin ...
The Superior Olivary Nucleus and Its Influence on Nucleus
... were aimed at f urther characterizing the projection pattern of the SON into NA, NM, and N L. In vitro studies investigated the physiology and morphology of single SON cells. Both techniques have been described previously (Hyson and Rubel, 1989; Overholt et al., 1992; Lachica et al., 1994; Reyes et ...
... were aimed at f urther characterizing the projection pattern of the SON into NA, NM, and N L. In vitro studies investigated the physiology and morphology of single SON cells. Both techniques have been described previously (Hyson and Rubel, 1989; Overholt et al., 1992; Lachica et al., 1994; Reyes et ...
Spinal Nerves Posterior View
... 4. SACRAL PLEXUS are spinal nerves from L4-S5 • Some of the fibers from the lumbar plexus mix with the sacral plexus, so these are often referred to together as the lumbosacral plexus. • SCIATIC NERVE is the largest branch of the sacral plexus and the largest nerve in the body; it leaves the pelvis ...
... 4. SACRAL PLEXUS are spinal nerves from L4-S5 • Some of the fibers from the lumbar plexus mix with the sacral plexus, so these are often referred to together as the lumbosacral plexus. • SCIATIC NERVE is the largest branch of the sacral plexus and the largest nerve in the body; it leaves the pelvis ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.