High-performance genetically targetable optical neural silencing by
... behaviors, and pathologies. Here we show that members of the class of light-driven outward proton pumps can mediate very powerful, safe, multiple-color silencing of neural activity. The gene archaerhodopsin-31 (Arch) from Halorubrum sodomense enables near-100% silencing of neurons in the awake brain ...
... behaviors, and pathologies. Here we show that members of the class of light-driven outward proton pumps can mediate very powerful, safe, multiple-color silencing of neural activity. The gene archaerhodopsin-31 (Arch) from Halorubrum sodomense enables near-100% silencing of neurons in the awake brain ...
Intelligent agents capable of developing memory of their environment
... that the neurons in the nervous system are part of the phenotype which is derived from the genotype through a process called development [Kumar, 2003]. The information specified in the genotype determines some aspects of nervous system, which specifies the rules of developing the nervous system base ...
... that the neurons in the nervous system are part of the phenotype which is derived from the genotype through a process called development [Kumar, 2003]. The information specified in the genotype determines some aspects of nervous system, which specifies the rules of developing the nervous system base ...
Human Physiology/The Nervous System
... from the soma (and also carry some types of information back to it). Many neurons have only one axon, but this axon may - and usually will - undergo extensive branching, enabling communication with many target cells. The part of the axon where it emerges from the soma is called the 'axon hillock'. B ...
... from the soma (and also carry some types of information back to it). Many neurons have only one axon, but this axon may - and usually will - undergo extensive branching, enabling communication with many target cells. The part of the axon where it emerges from the soma is called the 'axon hillock'. B ...
Direct cortical control of muscle activation in voluntary arm movements
... related through the laws of physics, and therefore the spinal circuitry cannot control them independently even if it somehow managed to decode the mixed MI signal in real time. The other extreme is to question whether “movement parameters are recognizably coded in the activity of single neurons” in ...
... related through the laws of physics, and therefore the spinal circuitry cannot control them independently even if it somehow managed to decode the mixed MI signal in real time. The other extreme is to question whether “movement parameters are recognizably coded in the activity of single neurons” in ...
1-R011 - IJSPS
... educational activity phenomena. To implement realistically some simulated educational activities we should follow the advice that such models needed to be with close resemblance to biological neural systems. That resemblance ought to be not only from structural analysis but also from functional char ...
... educational activity phenomena. To implement realistically some simulated educational activities we should follow the advice that such models needed to be with close resemblance to biological neural systems. That resemblance ought to be not only from structural analysis but also from functional char ...
emboj2008265-sup
... entire cell, this reporter technique is not very accurate and high definition data cannot be expected. We therefore interpret the data as "activation" or "inhibition" of calpain, but not, for example, as a 33% reduction of calpain activity. Thus, we measured the grey level of several neurons per cov ...
... entire cell, this reporter technique is not very accurate and high definition data cannot be expected. We therefore interpret the data as "activation" or "inhibition" of calpain, but not, for example, as a 33% reduction of calpain activity. Thus, we measured the grey level of several neurons per cov ...
Theoretical Systems Neuroscience
... In the last nine lectures of this course, we will study theoretical approaches to neuroscience at the “highest”, most integrated level of analysis. The focus will be on quantitative relationships between neural activity and behavior, as well as on mathematical models of behavior. Most of the tim ...
... In the last nine lectures of this course, we will study theoretical approaches to neuroscience at the “highest”, most integrated level of analysis. The focus will be on quantitative relationships between neural activity and behavior, as well as on mathematical models of behavior. Most of the tim ...
Receptor Transduction Mechanisms
... For cells to function together in an organism, they must have a means of communicating and coordinating growth, differentiation, metabolism, and even death. Some signal molecules, like steroids or nitric oxide, can diffuse through lipid bilayers freely. Other signal molecules depend on receptor protei ...
... For cells to function together in an organism, they must have a means of communicating and coordinating growth, differentiation, metabolism, and even death. Some signal molecules, like steroids or nitric oxide, can diffuse through lipid bilayers freely. Other signal molecules depend on receptor protei ...
The mind`s mirror
... The difference between the imaging studies in humans and the electrophysiological studies in monkeys is one of scale, explains psychologist Christian Keysers, PhD, who studies the human mirror-neuron system at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands. "When we record signals from neurons in mo ...
... The difference between the imaging studies in humans and the electrophysiological studies in monkeys is one of scale, explains psychologist Christian Keysers, PhD, who studies the human mirror-neuron system at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands. "When we record signals from neurons in mo ...
Zwicker Tone Illusion and Noise Reduction in the Auditory System
... model (a) to the sounds (lower panels) of Figs. 1(a) and 1(e). Firing rates of the output neurons before (horizontal dotted line, spontaneous rate), during (dashed line) and immediately after (solid line) the sound presentation are shown. As in (e) and (f), they are the result of a numerical simulat ...
... model (a) to the sounds (lower panels) of Figs. 1(a) and 1(e). Firing rates of the output neurons before (horizontal dotted line, spontaneous rate), during (dashed line) and immediately after (solid line) the sound presentation are shown. As in (e) and (f), they are the result of a numerical simulat ...
MirrorBot Report 6
... will design have to help us to better understand complex biological processes. As a consequence, we will have sometimes to make some compromises. Some mechanisms can be defined hardwired to accelerate the computation of some peripheral functions or the implementation can be restricted to the functio ...
... will design have to help us to better understand complex biological processes. As a consequence, we will have sometimes to make some compromises. Some mechanisms can be defined hardwired to accelerate the computation of some peripheral functions or the implementation can be restricted to the functio ...
Poster No: 1064 - Orthopaedic Research Society
... Fig.2. Transmission electron micrograph of apoptotic motor neurons DISCUSSION. Disturbance of axonal flow therefore threatens the survival of neurons and appears to be one cause of neurological dysfunction. In this study, compression of the peripheral branches of motor neurons in the nerve root led ...
... Fig.2. Transmission electron micrograph of apoptotic motor neurons DISCUSSION. Disturbance of axonal flow therefore threatens the survival of neurons and appears to be one cause of neurological dysfunction. In this study, compression of the peripheral branches of motor neurons in the nerve root led ...
Maturation of Layer V Pyramidal Neurons in the Rat Prefrontal
... working memory (Fuster and Alexander 1971; Kubota and Niki 1971; Wang 2001). As expected, dysfunction of the PFC has been implicated in several mental illnesses, particularly schizophrenia. Deficiency in the working memory process in the PFC has been associated with the symptoms and cognitive defici ...
... working memory (Fuster and Alexander 1971; Kubota and Niki 1971; Wang 2001). As expected, dysfunction of the PFC has been implicated in several mental illnesses, particularly schizophrenia. Deficiency in the working memory process in the PFC has been associated with the symptoms and cognitive defici ...
Turtle Dorsal Cortex Pyramidal Neurons Comprise Two Distinct Cell
... what extent the computational function of a neuron is determined by its individual type or by its circuit connections. We created electrophysiological profiles from pyramidal neurons within the sole cellular layer of turtle visual cortex by measuring responses to current injection using whole-cell r ...
... what extent the computational function of a neuron is determined by its individual type or by its circuit connections. We created electrophysiological profiles from pyramidal neurons within the sole cellular layer of turtle visual cortex by measuring responses to current injection using whole-cell r ...
Chapter 3
... • Series of rapidly occurring events that change and then restore the membrane potential of a cell to its resting state • Ion channels open, Na+ rushes in (depolarization), K+ rushes out (repolarization) • All-or-none principal = with stimulation, either happens one specific way or not at all (lasts ...
... • Series of rapidly occurring events that change and then restore the membrane potential of a cell to its resting state • Ion channels open, Na+ rushes in (depolarization), K+ rushes out (repolarization) • All-or-none principal = with stimulation, either happens one specific way or not at all (lasts ...
PowerPoint to accompany Hole`s Human Anatomy and Physiology
... • What ions are involved? • What is an all or nothing response? • What is hyperpolarization and depolarization? • What is summation? • What is a refractory period? ...
... • What ions are involved? • What is an all or nothing response? • What is hyperpolarization and depolarization? • What is summation? • What is a refractory period? ...
Physiology and mathematical modeling of the auditory system
... It is hard to imagine what the world would be like if it was put on “mute”. For most people the vast and diverse stream of auditory information is an indispensable part of the environment perception. Our auditory system, among other things, allows us to understand speech, appreciate music, and locat ...
... It is hard to imagine what the world would be like if it was put on “mute”. For most people the vast and diverse stream of auditory information is an indispensable part of the environment perception. Our auditory system, among other things, allows us to understand speech, appreciate music, and locat ...
Conductance-Based Model of the Voltage
... and is given by the Nernst equation. The extracellular Ca2⫹ concentration of the model cell takes 2 mM to match with our physiological experiments. Reversal potentials of other ionic currents were assumed as constants. The gating kinetics of the ionic conductances are governed by equations of the fo ...
... and is given by the Nernst equation. The extracellular Ca2⫹ concentration of the model cell takes 2 mM to match with our physiological experiments. Reversal potentials of other ionic currents were assumed as constants. The gating kinetics of the ionic conductances are governed by equations of the fo ...
Toxicological effects of sodium dodecyl sulfate
... learning ability. If the number is too small, the network can not sufficiently study the data, thus affecting the predicted result; and if the number is too large, the network structure may be complex which may lead to the problem of over-fitting. When determining the number of neurons in the hidden ...
... learning ability. If the number is too small, the network can not sufficiently study the data, thus affecting the predicted result; and if the number is too large, the network structure may be complex which may lead to the problem of over-fitting. When determining the number of neurons in the hidden ...
The Hippocampal-Entorhinal Complex performs Bayesian
... seem to fire in proximity to environment boundaries and Boundary Vector Cells (BVC) [3, 23] with firing depending on boundary proximity as well as direction relative to the mammal’s head. Cells with these properties have been found in the mammalian subiculum and entorhinal cortex [20, 22], and there ...
... seem to fire in proximity to environment boundaries and Boundary Vector Cells (BVC) [3, 23] with firing depending on boundary proximity as well as direction relative to the mammal’s head. Cells with these properties have been found in the mammalian subiculum and entorhinal cortex [20, 22], and there ...
The Computation and Comparison of Value in Goal
... All of these models share some features that are illustrated in Figure 28.2a. First, they contain processes that encode the moment-to-moment sensory evidence in support of the two potential states of the world. For example, in this figure there is a population of neurons encoding evidence in favor o ...
... All of these models share some features that are illustrated in Figure 28.2a. First, they contain processes that encode the moment-to-moment sensory evidence in support of the two potential states of the world. For example, in this figure there is a population of neurons encoding evidence in favor o ...
Open-loop organization of thalamic reticular nucleus and dorsal
... hyperpolarize TC neurons. However, because of the time required to deinactivate the T-type calcium channels (Jahnsen and Llinas 1984), the TRN may also simply suppress incoming signals to the thalamus if those signals arrive prior to T-channel deinactivation. Therefore, the TRN is strategically situ ...
... hyperpolarize TC neurons. However, because of the time required to deinactivate the T-type calcium channels (Jahnsen and Llinas 1984), the TRN may also simply suppress incoming signals to the thalamus if those signals arrive prior to T-channel deinactivation. Therefore, the TRN is strategically situ ...
Identification of Mechanoafferent Neurons in Terrestrial Snail
... neuron was found to produce EPSPs in relation 1:1 in the ipsilateral Pl1, Pa2, and Pa3 and contralateral Pa2 and Pa3 neurons (Fig. 7, A and B). The average amplitude of EPSPs in pleural interneurons elicited by first spike in PlVL cells was 5.8 ⫾ 2.1 mV (n ⫽ 12), whereas amplitudes of EPSPs in parie ...
... neuron was found to produce EPSPs in relation 1:1 in the ipsilateral Pl1, Pa2, and Pa3 and contralateral Pa2 and Pa3 neurons (Fig. 7, A and B). The average amplitude of EPSPs in pleural interneurons elicited by first spike in PlVL cells was 5.8 ⫾ 2.1 mV (n ⫽ 12), whereas amplitudes of EPSPs in parie ...