Exam II Questions / Answers
... plasma membrane in the direction of their electro-chemical gradient, creating electrical currents and voltage changes across the membrane according to Ohm’s law: V= I x R ...
... plasma membrane in the direction of their electro-chemical gradient, creating electrical currents and voltage changes across the membrane according to Ohm’s law: V= I x R ...
A Hebbian learning rule gives rise to mirror neurons and links them
... the cortex, by virtue of the fact that cortical motor and sensory neurons largely outnumber the few muscles and sensory receptors involved in the composite motor to sensory feedback loop. So for example, within the bird song system, it is thus probable that the low dimensional, composite non-linear ...
... the cortex, by virtue of the fact that cortical motor and sensory neurons largely outnumber the few muscles and sensory receptors involved in the composite motor to sensory feedback loop. So for example, within the bird song system, it is thus probable that the low dimensional, composite non-linear ...
Autonomic Nervous System
... autonomic reflex arcs in response to a specific stimulus. Example: micturition reflex, which partly controls the release of urine Other reflexes include alteration of heart rate, changes in respiratory rate and depth, regulation of digestive system activities, and alteration of pupil diameter. Com ...
... autonomic reflex arcs in response to a specific stimulus. Example: micturition reflex, which partly controls the release of urine Other reflexes include alteration of heart rate, changes in respiratory rate and depth, regulation of digestive system activities, and alteration of pupil diameter. Com ...
RNA Trafficking and Local Protein Synthesis in Dendrites: An
... mir134 concentrations altered LimK1 concentrations, which in turn altered spine structure. These findings are also consistent with miRNAs functioning to regulate translation at the synapse and indicate that such regulated translation is required for normal spine development. In the past year, studie ...
... mir134 concentrations altered LimK1 concentrations, which in turn altered spine structure. These findings are also consistent with miRNAs functioning to regulate translation at the synapse and indicate that such regulated translation is required for normal spine development. In the past year, studie ...
Neural Correlates of Object-Associated Choice Behavior
... methods. First, objects were adjusted to have equal average gray values in Photoshop. Then, the luminance of object stimuli was measured (and adjusted until showing equal luminance) in an experimental setup by placing a professional lux meter at a fixed distance from the LCD monitor when each stimul ...
... methods. First, objects were adjusted to have equal average gray values in Photoshop. Then, the luminance of object stimuli was measured (and adjusted until showing equal luminance) in an experimental setup by placing a professional lux meter at a fixed distance from the LCD monitor when each stimul ...
Volitional enhancement of firing synchrony and oscillation by
... increase in the synchrony of the entrained neurons. This relation of LFP and neuronal firing can be explained by the fact that LFPs are produced by postsynaptic potentials, and periodicity in neuronal firing would be associated with periodicity in LFPs. They also documented the spatial extent of neu ...
... increase in the synchrony of the entrained neurons. This relation of LFP and neuronal firing can be explained by the fact that LFPs are produced by postsynaptic potentials, and periodicity in neuronal firing would be associated with periodicity in LFPs. They also documented the spatial extent of neu ...
A Model of Prefrontal Cortical Mechanisms for Goal-directed Behavior Michael E. Hasselmo Abstract
... drive mechanisms, represented in the model by diffuse activation of the population goR in the reward minicolumn (filled circles in Figure 2). In Figure 2, activity spreads over connections Wg from the goR population in the ‘‘Reward’’ minicolumn to the input population gi in the ‘‘East’’ state minico ...
... drive mechanisms, represented in the model by diffuse activation of the population goR in the reward minicolumn (filled circles in Figure 2). In Figure 2, activity spreads over connections Wg from the goR population in the ‘‘Reward’’ minicolumn to the input population gi in the ‘‘East’’ state minico ...
Central projections of auditory receptor neurons of crickets
... neurons of crickets as revealed by confocal microscopy. Receptors tuned to ultrasonic frequencies (similar to those produced by echolocating, insectivorous bats), to a mid-range of frequencies, and a subset of those tuned to low, cricket-like frequencies have similar projections, terminating mediall ...
... neurons of crickets as revealed by confocal microscopy. Receptors tuned to ultrasonic frequencies (similar to those produced by echolocating, insectivorous bats), to a mid-range of frequencies, and a subset of those tuned to low, cricket-like frequencies have similar projections, terminating mediall ...
Corticofugal modulation of frequency processing in bat auditory
... The bat uses velocity information carried by the 61-kHz component for hunting flying insects13,14. Accordingly, its auditory system, from the periphery to the cortex, contains many neurons that are sharply tuned to this frequency for fine frequency analysis15,16. The sharp frequency-tuning curves in ...
... The bat uses velocity information carried by the 61-kHz component for hunting flying insects13,14. Accordingly, its auditory system, from the periphery to the cortex, contains many neurons that are sharply tuned to this frequency for fine frequency analysis15,16. The sharp frequency-tuning curves in ...
Visual Receptive Field Properties of Neurons in the Superficial
... Drifting sinusoidal gratings of 100% contrast were presented to probe selectivity for stimulus direction/orientation and spatial/temporal frequency tuning. The drifting direction was varied between 0 and 360° (12 steps, 30° spacing), spatial frequency between 0.01 and 0.32 cpd (6 logarithmic steps), ...
... Drifting sinusoidal gratings of 100% contrast were presented to probe selectivity for stimulus direction/orientation and spatial/temporal frequency tuning. The drifting direction was varied between 0 and 360° (12 steps, 30° spacing), spatial frequency between 0.01 and 0.32 cpd (6 logarithmic steps), ...
Duration Sensitivity to Other Response Properties of the Rat
... test durations ⬍2 ms. Each duration was presented 10 times. The data obtained were analyzed and plotted using commercial software (Microsoft Excel, Sigmaplot, and SPSS). To determine whether a neuron was sensitive to sound duration, we plotted response probability as a function of duration. Response ...
... test durations ⬍2 ms. Each duration was presented 10 times. The data obtained were analyzed and plotted using commercial software (Microsoft Excel, Sigmaplot, and SPSS). To determine whether a neuron was sensitive to sound duration, we plotted response probability as a function of duration. Response ...
Local Field Potential in the Visual System
... their summation and in turn generates a robust LFP signal. In addition to synaptic contributions described above, there are a number of additional factors that can influence the LFP. For example, intrinsic properties of the membrane may exhibit resonance such that depolarization or activation of the ...
... their summation and in turn generates a robust LFP signal. In addition to synaptic contributions described above, there are a number of additional factors that can influence the LFP. For example, intrinsic properties of the membrane may exhibit resonance such that depolarization or activation of the ...
UNIT II - Elsevier Health
... caused by the minute diffusion of sodium ions through the K+-Na+ leak channels. The ratio of sodium ions from inside to outside the membrane is 0.1, and this gives a calculated Nernst potential for the inside of the membrane of +61 millivolts. But also shown in Figure 5-5B is the Nernst potential fo ...
... caused by the minute diffusion of sodium ions through the K+-Na+ leak channels. The ratio of sodium ions from inside to outside the membrane is 0.1, and this gives a calculated Nernst potential for the inside of the membrane of +61 millivolts. But also shown in Figure 5-5B is the Nernst potential fo ...
Article PDF
... Surgical procedures and injection of the retroviral supernatant into the lateral ventricles of the fetal rat brains are described in detail elsewhere (Walsh and C epko, 1992). To label early-born as well as late-born striatal neurons, we made retroviral injections at the earliest feasible stages of ...
... Surgical procedures and injection of the retroviral supernatant into the lateral ventricles of the fetal rat brains are described in detail elsewhere (Walsh and C epko, 1992). To label early-born as well as late-born striatal neurons, we made retroviral injections at the earliest feasible stages of ...
Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies
... at each point in the image as a function of time. These local motion energies were summated across space to calculate the motion energy over the stimulus as a function of time. Finally, motion energies for opponent directions were subtracted from each other to measure the net motion energy in one di ...
... at each point in the image as a function of time. These local motion energies were summated across space to calculate the motion energy over the stimulus as a function of time. Finally, motion energies for opponent directions were subtracted from each other to measure the net motion energy in one di ...
Mirror neurons in monkey area F5 do not adapt to the observation of
... action, lacking any variability, to reveal changes in neuronal activity. Using this approach in this study, we found that most mirror neurons and the population at large did not show a significant decrease of their firing rate. On the other hand, simultaneously recorded local field potentials (LFPs), b ...
... action, lacking any variability, to reveal changes in neuronal activity. Using this approach in this study, we found that most mirror neurons and the population at large did not show a significant decrease of their firing rate. On the other hand, simultaneously recorded local field potentials (LFPs), b ...
Size and number of binucleate and mononucleate superior
... study of distribution of cell sizes, an identical area was selected in each section. Forbidden and acceptance lines were applied to the four sides of the area, and inclusion and exclusion planes were applied to the beginning and end of the series (Gundersen 1977; Howard et al. 1985). After sampling ...
... study of distribution of cell sizes, an identical area was selected in each section. Forbidden and acceptance lines were applied to the four sides of the area, and inclusion and exclusion planes were applied to the beginning and end of the series (Gundersen 1977; Howard et al. 1985). After sampling ...
full text pdf
... from the eye into the brain for information processing in the central nervous system (CNS). One of the first relay centers in this pathway is the dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (dLGN), a thalamic center in the diencephalon. Each dLGN hemisphere receives major input from the optic nerves and from ...
... from the eye into the brain for information processing in the central nervous system (CNS). One of the first relay centers in this pathway is the dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (dLGN), a thalamic center in the diencephalon. Each dLGN hemisphere receives major input from the optic nerves and from ...
The Nervous System
... plasma membrane in the direction of their electro-chemical gradient, creating electrical currents and voltage changes across the membrane according to Ohm’s law: V= I x R ...
... plasma membrane in the direction of their electro-chemical gradient, creating electrical currents and voltage changes across the membrane according to Ohm’s law: V= I x R ...
The neuronal structure of the globus pallidus in the rabbit — Nissl
... in the rat, recognised two subtypes of the large pallidal neurons. The large cells located medially in the nucleus had dendritic fields with large dorsoventral extent and they did not emit any axon collaterals. Large neurons located laterally in the nucleus had disk-like dendritic fields with both d ...
... in the rat, recognised two subtypes of the large pallidal neurons. The large cells located medially in the nucleus had dendritic fields with large dorsoventral extent and they did not emit any axon collaterals. Large neurons located laterally in the nucleus had disk-like dendritic fields with both d ...
Processing in layer 4 of the neocortical circuit: new insights from
... A series of intracellular recording experiments from David Ferster’s laboratory in recent years have provided compelling evidence that the processing underlying simple cell orientation selectivity is indeed dominantly feed-forward. In one experiment [22], cortical preparations were cooled to block s ...
... A series of intracellular recording experiments from David Ferster’s laboratory in recent years have provided compelling evidence that the processing underlying simple cell orientation selectivity is indeed dominantly feed-forward. In one experiment [22], cortical preparations were cooled to block s ...
All-Optical Interrogation of Neural Circuits
... researchers have long sought means to detect a fast intrinsic optical signal (FIOS) induced by changes in membrane potential. A FIOS has been detected via subtle changes in optical birefringence (Cohen, 1973), cell shape (Oh et al., 2012), and, recently, stimulated Raman scattering (Liu et al., 2015 ...
... researchers have long sought means to detect a fast intrinsic optical signal (FIOS) induced by changes in membrane potential. A FIOS has been detected via subtle changes in optical birefringence (Cohen, 1973), cell shape (Oh et al., 2012), and, recently, stimulated Raman scattering (Liu et al., 2015 ...
Text S1.
... axonal polarization along L1 at 3 DIV but, initially, any of the 4 growing neurites could have differentiated into an axon. The discrepancy between random choice at 1-2 DIV and axonal preference along L1 at 3 DIV corresponds to failures of polarization along curved lines. It is thus possible to calc ...
... axonal polarization along L1 at 3 DIV but, initially, any of the 4 growing neurites could have differentiated into an axon. The discrepancy between random choice at 1-2 DIV and axonal preference along L1 at 3 DIV corresponds to failures of polarization along curved lines. It is thus possible to calc ...
cereb cort
... While it is sufficient in certain circumstances for a single node to represent the input (local coding) it is desirable in many other situations to have multiple nodes providing a factorial or distributed representation. As an extremely simple example consider three inputs (‘a’, ‘b’ and ‘c’) each of ...
... While it is sufficient in certain circumstances for a single node to represent the input (local coding) it is desirable in many other situations to have multiple nodes providing a factorial or distributed representation. As an extremely simple example consider three inputs (‘a’, ‘b’ and ‘c’) each of ...
S-potentials precede and drive nearly all LGN spikes in a burst.
... tonic. The bursting mode has been shown in cats and guinea pigs to depend on activation of the low-threshold calcium current (IT). Characteristically, all spikes but the first one in a burst do not require additional synaptic input to occur because IT depolarizes the cell, generating several INa act ...
... tonic. The bursting mode has been shown in cats and guinea pigs to depend on activation of the low-threshold calcium current (IT). Characteristically, all spikes but the first one in a burst do not require additional synaptic input to occur because IT depolarizes the cell, generating several INa act ...