Zn2 Slows Down CaV3.3 Gating Kinetics: Implications for
... influences the slowly inactivating T-type current expressed in nRT neurons—which is encoded by the CaV3.3 gene (Talley et al. 1999)— by evaluating the effects of exogenous Zn2⫹ on CaV3.3 channels heterologously expressed in stably transfected HEK-293 cells as their currents are identical to those re ...
... influences the slowly inactivating T-type current expressed in nRT neurons—which is encoded by the CaV3.3 gene (Talley et al. 1999)— by evaluating the effects of exogenous Zn2⫹ on CaV3.3 channels heterologously expressed in stably transfected HEK-293 cells as their currents are identical to those re ...
Endocrine and nervous systems
... The tips of fingers are sensitive enough to discriminate raised points on a surface, as well as the locations of these points. Knowing this, in the 19th century Louis Braille invented the Braille system of reading for the blind. Each letter of a language alphabet is represented by up to six raised d ...
... The tips of fingers are sensitive enough to discriminate raised points on a surface, as well as the locations of these points. Knowing this, in the 19th century Louis Braille invented the Braille system of reading for the blind. Each letter of a language alphabet is represented by up to six raised d ...
Précis of The Brain and Emotion
... stimuli and what is subjectively reported. In this sense it is biologically and psychologically useful to consider emotional states to include more than those states associated with feelings of emotion. 3. The Functions of Emotion The functions of emotion also provide insight into the nature of emot ...
... stimuli and what is subjectively reported. In this sense it is biologically and psychologically useful to consider emotional states to include more than those states associated with feelings of emotion. 3. The Functions of Emotion The functions of emotion also provide insight into the nature of emot ...
Proprioceptive Information from the Pinna Provides
... Surg ical preparation. C ats were premedicated with xylazine (2 mg, i.m.) and atropine (0.1 mg, i.m.) and anesthetized with ketamine (initial dose of 40 mg / kg, i.m.; supplemental doses of 15 mg / kg, i.v.). Body temperature (measured rectally) was maintained at 38.5°C. The head was fixed in a nose ...
... Surg ical preparation. C ats were premedicated with xylazine (2 mg, i.m.) and atropine (0.1 mg, i.m.) and anesthetized with ketamine (initial dose of 40 mg / kg, i.m.; supplemental doses of 15 mg / kg, i.v.). Body temperature (measured rectally) was maintained at 38.5°C. The head was fixed in a nose ...
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... challenges in contemporary neuroscience. Studies in invertebrates have established that relatively sophisticated behavior (including associative memory) can be implemented using simple synaptic plasticity rules (Glanzman 1995). However, the operating principles that allow networks of millions of neu ...
... challenges in contemporary neuroscience. Studies in invertebrates have established that relatively sophisticated behavior (including associative memory) can be implemented using simple synaptic plasticity rules (Glanzman 1995). However, the operating principles that allow networks of millions of neu ...
ARCHITECTONICS AND STRUCTURE OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX
... a division of the cortex into six cellular layers. Bevan Lewis' diagram was later adopted by Vogt and Brodmann, and has come into general use, although the designations of the layers have repeatedly been changed. A great advance was made in 1891 by the Spanish histologist, S. Ramon y Cajal.1047 Golg ...
... a division of the cortex into six cellular layers. Bevan Lewis' diagram was later adopted by Vogt and Brodmann, and has come into general use, although the designations of the layers have repeatedly been changed. A great advance was made in 1891 by the Spanish histologist, S. Ramon y Cajal.1047 Golg ...
A perceptual representation in the frontal eye field during covert
... then were defined as the beginnings and ends of the monotonic changes in eye position that lasted for at least 10 ms. A lever turn was defined as a turn > 15 from vertical. The beginning and end of each lever turn were defined as the beginning and end of the monotonic change in lever position before a ...
... then were defined as the beginnings and ends of the monotonic changes in eye position that lasted for at least 10 ms. A lever turn was defined as a turn > 15 from vertical. The beginning and end of each lever turn were defined as the beginning and end of the monotonic change in lever position before a ...
Modulation of premotor circuits controlling locomotor activity by
... effortless to the point that many movements are almost executed unconsciously. Indeed, the generation of sophisticated motor behaviors relies on the complex interplay between supraspinal brain structures and circuits in the spinal cord. Understanding how the central nervous system generates a large ...
... effortless to the point that many movements are almost executed unconsciously. Indeed, the generation of sophisticated motor behaviors relies on the complex interplay between supraspinal brain structures and circuits in the spinal cord. Understanding how the central nervous system generates a large ...
University of Groningen Gustatory neural processing in the
... taste quality is transmitted via a separate 'neural line' through the medulla, thalamus and cortex. This model assumes that individual gustatory fibers are more or less narrowly tuned to one of the primary taste qualities and that the function of any one neuron would be to signal its particular enco ...
... taste quality is transmitted via a separate 'neural line' through the medulla, thalamus and cortex. This model assumes that individual gustatory fibers are more or less narrowly tuned to one of the primary taste qualities and that the function of any one neuron would be to signal its particular enco ...
State of the art
... per day of chronic restraint stress during the resting period when some sleep deprivation may occur.39 Interestingly, a 12-hour sleep deprivation that is applied by using a slowly rotating drum which minimizes physical stress, but does produce locomotor activity, reversed the decreased open-field be ...
... per day of chronic restraint stress during the resting period when some sleep deprivation may occur.39 Interestingly, a 12-hour sleep deprivation that is applied by using a slowly rotating drum which minimizes physical stress, but does produce locomotor activity, reversed the decreased open-field be ...
Cocaine and Amphetamines (PDF Available)
... Cortical neurons process a wide range of cognitive, motor and sensory information, whereas the limbic system appears to regulate emotional behaviour. The locus coeruleus, therefore, targets brain regions involved in crucial behavioural outcomes. It influences how these brain regions operate by modula ...
... Cortical neurons process a wide range of cognitive, motor and sensory information, whereas the limbic system appears to regulate emotional behaviour. The locus coeruleus, therefore, targets brain regions involved in crucial behavioural outcomes. It influences how these brain regions operate by modula ...
Sleep/Neurology-The Orexin System
... ‡‡Liguori C, Romigi A, Nuccetelli M, et al. Orexinergic System Dysregulation, Sleep Impairment, and Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer Disease. JAMA Neuro. 2014;71(12):1498-1505. ...
... ‡‡Liguori C, Romigi A, Nuccetelli M, et al. Orexinergic System Dysregulation, Sleep Impairment, and Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer Disease. JAMA Neuro. 2014;71(12):1498-1505. ...
a review with emphasis on the projections of specific thalamic nuclei
... * * The following definitions of the word ‘primary’ are offered in the hope that they will alleviate some of the confusion which has resulted from the various ways in which the word ‘primary’ has been applied to describe specific regions of the cerebral cortex. In the context of studies of cortical ...
... * * The following definitions of the word ‘primary’ are offered in the hope that they will alleviate some of the confusion which has resulted from the various ways in which the word ‘primary’ has been applied to describe specific regions of the cerebral cortex. In the context of studies of cortical ...
Evolutionary roots offreedom
... The most important excitatory neurotransmitters are glutamate, norepi nephrine, serotonin, dopamine, and acetylcholine (Siegel,1999).The concen tration of each of these varies somewhat from area to area. By far the most important inhibitory transmitter is the ubiquitous gamma-aminobutyric acid ...
... The most important excitatory neurotransmitters are glutamate, norepi nephrine, serotonin, dopamine, and acetylcholine (Siegel,1999).The concen tration of each of these varies somewhat from area to area. By far the most important inhibitory transmitter is the ubiquitous gamma-aminobutyric acid ...
Visual Processing in the Primate Brain
... Specialization of visual processing begins with the photoreceptors of the retina. There are two different types, rods and cones, facilitating coverage of the full range of environmental light intensities. Rods are responsible for high-sensitivity, low-acuity vision (dim light: scotopic vision), resp ...
... Specialization of visual processing begins with the photoreceptors of the retina. There are two different types, rods and cones, facilitating coverage of the full range of environmental light intensities. Rods are responsible for high-sensitivity, low-acuity vision (dim light: scotopic vision), resp ...
Electrical Activity of a Membrane Resting Potential
... • Voltage-Sensitive Ion Channels – Gated protein channel that opens or closes only at specific membrane voltages – Sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) – Closed at membrane’s resting potential – Na+ channels are more sensitive than K+ channels and therefore open sooner ...
... • Voltage-Sensitive Ion Channels – Gated protein channel that opens or closes only at specific membrane voltages – Sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) – Closed at membrane’s resting potential – Na+ channels are more sensitive than K+ channels and therefore open sooner ...
Role of the basal ganglia in conditional associative learning
... Role of basal ganglia in conditional associative learning : a multidisciplinary approach ___________________________________________________________________________ RESUME en anglais The arbitrary mapping of sensory information onto action forms an important element of the intelligent behavior of pr ...
... Role of basal ganglia in conditional associative learning : a multidisciplinary approach ___________________________________________________________________________ RESUME en anglais The arbitrary mapping of sensory information onto action forms an important element of the intelligent behavior of pr ...
CONTROL OF FUNCTIONAL ELECTRICAL STIMULATION FOR
... of behavior that must be used? If the later, would it be possible to understand the constraints imposed to reproduce the same motor behavior whenever the motor task needs to be executed? A human can capture a spectrum of functional movements during the life. Most of the movements are mastered in ear ...
... of behavior that must be used? If the later, would it be possible to understand the constraints imposed to reproduce the same motor behavior whenever the motor task needs to be executed? A human can capture a spectrum of functional movements during the life. Most of the movements are mastered in ear ...
Multi-chip dataflow architecture for massive scale biophysically
... (HH) model. State of the art simulators are capable of simulating, in real-time, tens of neurons, at most. The currently most advanced simulator is able to simulate 96 HH neurons in real-time. This simulator is limited by its exponential growth in communication costs. To overcome this problem, in th ...
... (HH) model. State of the art simulators are capable of simulating, in real-time, tens of neurons, at most. The currently most advanced simulator is able to simulate 96 HH neurons in real-time. This simulator is limited by its exponential growth in communication costs. To overcome this problem, in th ...
Slide 1
... neurotransmitters are taken back into the synaptic vesicles • Enzyme: a complex protein that is manufactured by cells – One type specifically breaks up acetylcholine because muscle activity needs to happen rapidly; reuptake would be too slow. ...
... neurotransmitters are taken back into the synaptic vesicles • Enzyme: a complex protein that is manufactured by cells – One type specifically breaks up acetylcholine because muscle activity needs to happen rapidly; reuptake would be too slow. ...
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor mRNA Expression in the Brain of the Teleost
... pairwise alignments, which revealed a high level of nucleotide (87–88% with other teleost fish) and protein (ranging from 79 to 97% for all species examined) identity between the cloned sequence and other BDNF sequences from various species but lower identity level (^58%) with other neurotrophin ami ...
... pairwise alignments, which revealed a high level of nucleotide (87–88% with other teleost fish) and protein (ranging from 79 to 97% for all species examined) identity between the cloned sequence and other BDNF sequences from various species but lower identity level (^58%) with other neurotrophin ami ...
Limitations of Neural Map Topography for Decoding Spatial
... necessary for decoding sensory stimuli is unknown. Here we examined this question by recording population activity at the cellular level from the larval zebrafish tectum in response to visual stimuli at three closely spaced locations in the visual field. Due to map imprecision, nearby stimulus locat ...
... necessary for decoding sensory stimuli is unknown. Here we examined this question by recording population activity at the cellular level from the larval zebrafish tectum in response to visual stimuli at three closely spaced locations in the visual field. Due to map imprecision, nearby stimulus locat ...
Mapping the Brain
... immediate classification of neurons into large classes: sensory neurons (with distinctive sensory dendrites and cilia), motor neurons (with neuromuscular junctions) and interneurons (a term that is used in C. elegans to describe any neuron that is not evidently sensory or motor, encompassing project ...
... immediate classification of neurons into large classes: sensory neurons (with distinctive sensory dendrites and cilia), motor neurons (with neuromuscular junctions) and interneurons (a term that is used in C. elegans to describe any neuron that is not evidently sensory or motor, encompassing project ...
A flexible genetic toolkit for arthropod neurogenesis
... patterns are maintained by the segment polarity proteins. In the D. melanogaster procephalic neuroectoderm, lethal of scute, which is the main proneural gene in the brain, is regulated by the head gap genes tailless (tll), orthodenticle (otd), empty spiracles (ems) and buttonhead (bhd) [62]. It can ...
... patterns are maintained by the segment polarity proteins. In the D. melanogaster procephalic neuroectoderm, lethal of scute, which is the main proneural gene in the brain, is regulated by the head gap genes tailless (tll), orthodenticle (otd), empty spiracles (ems) and buttonhead (bhd) [62]. It can ...
Representing Spatial Relationships in Posterior
... evidence below that parietal neurons encode not only spatial locations or directions but also spatial relationships, when these are important to a given behavioral objective. Materials and Methods Subjects Neural activity was recorded bilaterally from area 7a in the posterior parietal cortex of 2 ma ...
... evidence below that parietal neurons encode not only spatial locations or directions but also spatial relationships, when these are important to a given behavioral objective. Materials and Methods Subjects Neural activity was recorded bilaterally from area 7a in the posterior parietal cortex of 2 ma ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.