Is Cell Death Primary or Secondary in the Pathophysiology of
... vesicles after endocytosis [64]. By using in vivo multiphoton imaging techniques, Spinelli et al. were able ...
... vesicles after endocytosis [64]. By using in vivo multiphoton imaging techniques, Spinelli et al. were able ...
NSS214 - National Open University of Nigeria
... functions of the living things. It also examines how the parts of the body work and the ways in which they cooperate together to maintain life and health of the individual. One outstanding quality of physiology is that it integrates the individual functions of all the body’s different cells and orga ...
... functions of the living things. It also examines how the parts of the body work and the ways in which they cooperate together to maintain life and health of the individual. One outstanding quality of physiology is that it integrates the individual functions of all the body’s different cells and orga ...
Golgi: a life in science - Oxford Academic
... In 1906, the professors of the Karolinska Institute had a problem; who should get the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine? In the previous 25 years, understanding of the structure of the brain and spinal cord had greatly increased. The nerve cell, or neuron, had been identified as the fundamental ...
... In 1906, the professors of the Karolinska Institute had a problem; who should get the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine? In the previous 25 years, understanding of the structure of the brain and spinal cord had greatly increased. The nerve cell, or neuron, had been identified as the fundamental ...
Neurons, Brain Chemistry, and Neurotransmission
... using electrical signals and chemical messengers called neurotransmitters that either stimulate or inhibit the activity of a responding neuron. Students then use the information they have gained to deduce how one neuron influences the action of another. Major Concept Neurons convey information using ...
... using electrical signals and chemical messengers called neurotransmitters that either stimulate or inhibit the activity of a responding neuron. Students then use the information they have gained to deduce how one neuron influences the action of another. Major Concept Neurons convey information using ...
Nerve Growth Factor: Cellular localization and regulation of synthesis
... the excessively small copy numbers of mRNANGF (Jess than one copy per million copies of total mRNA), it was fOllod necessary to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of this method by using single-stranded 3sS-1abeled cRNA or oligonudeotide probes. The use of 35S_labeled prohes is a compromise between 3 ...
... the excessively small copy numbers of mRNANGF (Jess than one copy per million copies of total mRNA), it was fOllod necessary to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of this method by using single-stranded 3sS-1abeled cRNA or oligonudeotide probes. The use of 35S_labeled prohes is a compromise between 3 ...
Zhang Yufeng - USD Biology
... • The number of total trials was largest during the second 10 min period in the water trials in the SDR condition, although there was no significant difference in the food trials. • Decrease over time in the number of total trials shown by the significant main effect of Time in both food and water ...
... • The number of total trials was largest during the second 10 min period in the water trials in the SDR condition, although there was no significant difference in the food trials. • Decrease over time in the number of total trials shown by the significant main effect of Time in both food and water ...
cerebral and gastric histamine system is altered after portocaval shunt
... Table 2 summarises the results describing histamine system parameters in brain (hypothalamus and cerebral cortex) and in gastric mucosa of the shunted rats, as opposed to sham operated ones. In both organs increased histamine concentrations and monoamine oxidase form B (MAO B) activity were found. I ...
... Table 2 summarises the results describing histamine system parameters in brain (hypothalamus and cerebral cortex) and in gastric mucosa of the shunted rats, as opposed to sham operated ones. In both organs increased histamine concentrations and monoamine oxidase form B (MAO B) activity were found. I ...
Three-dimensional reconstruction of the lentiform nucleus from
... Three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction of the lentiform nucleus was performed by using serial macroscopic anatomic sections, taken from a human cadaver. When the rendered form of this wire-frame reconstruction was examined, it was found that both the putamen and globus pallidus had upper and lower p ...
... Three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction of the lentiform nucleus was performed by using serial macroscopic anatomic sections, taken from a human cadaver. When the rendered form of this wire-frame reconstruction was examined, it was found that both the putamen and globus pallidus had upper and lower p ...
Chapter 14 PowerPoint Slides PDF - CM
... SYMPATHETIC NS AND WEIGHT LOSS SUPPLEMENTS • Manufacturers claim yohimbine binds to beta-3 receptors on adipocytes and triggers breakdown of lipids; at best, this is misleading; actually blocks alpha-1 receptors in blood vessels and alpha-2 receptors in spinal cord; causes vasodilation while also in ...
... SYMPATHETIC NS AND WEIGHT LOSS SUPPLEMENTS • Manufacturers claim yohimbine binds to beta-3 receptors on adipocytes and triggers breakdown of lipids; at best, this is misleading; actually blocks alpha-1 receptors in blood vessels and alpha-2 receptors in spinal cord; causes vasodilation while also in ...
Normalization as a canonical neural computation
... different brain regions or different species may implement it with different available components. Two established examples of canonical neural computations are exponentiation and linear filtering. Exponentiation, a form of thresholding, operates at the level of neurons and of networks3 — for exampl ...
... different brain regions or different species may implement it with different available components. Two established examples of canonical neural computations are exponentiation and linear filtering. Exponentiation, a form of thresholding, operates at the level of neurons and of networks3 — for exampl ...
Role of the thalamic nucleus reuniens in mediating interactions
... Situated directly above the third ventricle (Van der Werf et al., 2002), the RE extends throughout the rostral-caudal extent of the thalamus (Bokor et al., 2002). The neighboring RH lies dorsal to the RE. The RE and RH are often grouped together in lesion studies, however there are subtle difference ...
... Situated directly above the third ventricle (Van der Werf et al., 2002), the RE extends throughout the rostral-caudal extent of the thalamus (Bokor et al., 2002). The neighboring RH lies dorsal to the RE. The RE and RH are often grouped together in lesion studies, however there are subtle difference ...
The Bifurcating Neuron Network 1q
... bulb of the rabbit, and stimulated the design of many new neural networks that utilize chaotic model neurons. Aihara et al. (1990) modi®ed the Hop®eld network and developed a chaotic neural network consisting of neurons capable of exhibiting chaotic behaviors induced by self-coupling. Nozawa (1992) ...
... bulb of the rabbit, and stimulated the design of many new neural networks that utilize chaotic model neurons. Aihara et al. (1990) modi®ed the Hop®eld network and developed a chaotic neural network consisting of neurons capable of exhibiting chaotic behaviors induced by self-coupling. Nozawa (1992) ...
Role of the thalamic nucleus reuniens in mediating interactions
... Situated directly above the third ventricle (Van der Werf et al., 2002), the RE extends throughout the rostral-caudal extent of the thalamus (Bokor et al., 2002). The neighboring RH lies dorsal to the RE. The RE and RH are often grouped together in lesion studies, however there are subtle difference ...
... Situated directly above the third ventricle (Van der Werf et al., 2002), the RE extends throughout the rostral-caudal extent of the thalamus (Bokor et al., 2002). The neighboring RH lies dorsal to the RE. The RE and RH are often grouped together in lesion studies, however there are subtle difference ...
Carlson (7e) PowerPoint Lecture Outline Chapter 9: Sleep and
... l REM eye movements resemble those made when a person scans a visual image l Nightmares can occur during stage 4 of SWS l ...
... l REM eye movements resemble those made when a person scans a visual image l Nightmares can occur during stage 4 of SWS l ...
Topographic Organization of Connections Between the Hypothalamus and
... acids were placed in 4 animals. All injections were made by using a microsyringe (Hamilton, 5 µl) mounted on a microdrive. The needle was lowered to the desired site under microscopic guidance. In each case, small amounts (0.05–0.1 µl of 8% HRP-WGA; 0.4 µl of 3% fast blue or diamidino yellow; 0.4–1. ...
... acids were placed in 4 animals. All injections were made by using a microsyringe (Hamilton, 5 µl) mounted on a microdrive. The needle was lowered to the desired site under microscopic guidance. In each case, small amounts (0.05–0.1 µl of 8% HRP-WGA; 0.4 µl of 3% fast blue or diamidino yellow; 0.4–1. ...
Selective cognitive dysfunction in acetylcholine M
... and their corresponding genes, termed M1–M5, have been identified and cloned, but their high degree of sequence similarity has hindered the development of highly selective ligands1. Therefore, the broad array of deficits produced by antagonists such as scopolamine or atropine and more selective liga ...
... and their corresponding genes, termed M1–M5, have been identified and cloned, but their high degree of sequence similarity has hindered the development of highly selective ligands1. Therefore, the broad array of deficits produced by antagonists such as scopolamine or atropine and more selective liga ...
The Effect of Slow Electrical Stimuli to Achieve Learning in Cultured
... activity in a large number of neurons. To facilitate access to such a large number of neurons, several groups now use preparations of cultured neurons grown over a multi electrode array (MEA, see Figure 1). This enables simultaneous measurement from multiple electrodes, as well as network manipulati ...
... activity in a large number of neurons. To facilitate access to such a large number of neurons, several groups now use preparations of cultured neurons grown over a multi electrode array (MEA, see Figure 1). This enables simultaneous measurement from multiple electrodes, as well as network manipulati ...
Eagleman Ch 14. Motivation and Reward
... increased by an unexpected reward. If the stimulus is preceded by a signal, the animal learns that the signal predicts the stimulus, and will react to the signal. This predicted reward does not alter the firing rate of the neurons. ...
... increased by an unexpected reward. If the stimulus is preceded by a signal, the animal learns that the signal predicts the stimulus, and will react to the signal. This predicted reward does not alter the firing rate of the neurons. ...
Prelimbic to Accumbens Core Pathway Is Recruited in a Dopamine
... (McFarland et al., 2003; McLaughlin and See, 2003; Sun and Rebec, 2003; Stefanik and Kalivas, 2013; Stefanik et al., 2013); however, recent evidence indicates that only subpopulations of neurons within brain structures drive drug-seeking behaviors (Bossert et al., 2011; Cruz et al., 2013, 2014; Moor ...
... (McFarland et al., 2003; McLaughlin and See, 2003; Sun and Rebec, 2003; Stefanik and Kalivas, 2013; Stefanik et al., 2013); however, recent evidence indicates that only subpopulations of neurons within brain structures drive drug-seeking behaviors (Bossert et al., 2011; Cruz et al., 2013, 2014; Moor ...
Regional Differentiation of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex in
... involved in central autonomic control, including NTS (primary central terminus of inputs carried by the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves) • PVH innervates both NTS and motor nuclei of vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves ...
... involved in central autonomic control, including NTS (primary central terminus of inputs carried by the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves) • PVH innervates both NTS and motor nuclei of vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves ...
Brain Facts: A Primer On The Brain And Nervous System
... addition, mental disorders, excluding drug and alcohol problems, ...
... addition, mental disorders, excluding drug and alcohol problems, ...
- Wiley Online Library
... Abstract figure legend Left: location and core function of the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN). RTN neurons reside at the ventral surface of the rostral medulla oblongata. Their axonal projections, depicted on a parasagittal section of the rodent lower brainstem, target principally the respiratory patt ...
... Abstract figure legend Left: location and core function of the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN). RTN neurons reside at the ventral surface of the rostral medulla oblongata. Their axonal projections, depicted on a parasagittal section of the rodent lower brainstem, target principally the respiratory patt ...
Imitation: is cognitive neuroscience solving the correspondence
... linked through Hebbian learning. Like IM, ASL assumes that learning of this kind can occur whenever we look down and watch our own actions. However, it points out that self-observation of an opaque movement will normally give rise to a ‘nonmatching vertical association’, i.e. to a visuo-motor link t ...
... linked through Hebbian learning. Like IM, ASL assumes that learning of this kind can occur whenever we look down and watch our own actions. However, it points out that self-observation of an opaque movement will normally give rise to a ‘nonmatching vertical association’, i.e. to a visuo-motor link t ...
Reticular Formation
... sleep: EEG activity of the cortex changes from sleep pattern to waking state ...
... sleep: EEG activity of the cortex changes from sleep pattern to waking state ...
Medical Image Segmentation Using Artificial Neural Networks
... analysis applications developed for medical diagnosis. Development of treatment plans and evaluation of disease progression are other applications. These applications stem from the fact that diseases affect specific tissues or structures, lead to loss, atrophy (volume loss), and abnormalities. Conse ...
... analysis applications developed for medical diagnosis. Development of treatment plans and evaluation of disease progression are other applications. These applications stem from the fact that diseases affect specific tissues or structures, lead to loss, atrophy (volume loss), and abnormalities. Conse ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.