The nerve A nerve is an enclosed, cable
... Mixed nerves contain both afferent and efferent axons, and thus conduct both incoming sensory information and outgoing muscle commands in the same bundle. Nerves can be categorized into two groups based on where they connect to the central nervous system: ...
... Mixed nerves contain both afferent and efferent axons, and thus conduct both incoming sensory information and outgoing muscle commands in the same bundle. Nerves can be categorized into two groups based on where they connect to the central nervous system: ...
Neurons from radial glia: the consequences of asymmetric inheritance
... in the nervous system, and loss-of-function analyses suggest that they do not instruct a glial identity as they do in Drosophila [37,38]. In contrast, the function of other genes, such as that encoding the Notch receptor, appears to be better conserved in mammals. Notch is a strong inducer of glial ...
... in the nervous system, and loss-of-function analyses suggest that they do not instruct a glial identity as they do in Drosophila [37,38]. In contrast, the function of other genes, such as that encoding the Notch receptor, appears to be better conserved in mammals. Notch is a strong inducer of glial ...
Fatigue and Inhibition
... In Chapter 2 we saw that learning takes a number of forms. Some learning seems simple and easily explained by direct S-R (stimulusresponse) connections, but other kinds are more puzzling. However, it turns out that even the simpler learned responses in mammals – a CR (conditioned reflex), for exampl ...
... In Chapter 2 we saw that learning takes a number of forms. Some learning seems simple and easily explained by direct S-R (stimulusresponse) connections, but other kinds are more puzzling. However, it turns out that even the simpler learned responses in mammals – a CR (conditioned reflex), for exampl ...
Overlapping representation of primary tastes in a defined
... overlapping and scattered among columns (Clancy et al., 2015). To gain further insight into the significance of spatial patterns of taste quality, we used 2P-imaging techniques to image taste responses to basic stimuli in an area of GC in mice immediately posterior to the MCA. This area was chosen d ...
... overlapping and scattered among columns (Clancy et al., 2015). To gain further insight into the significance of spatial patterns of taste quality, we used 2P-imaging techniques to image taste responses to basic stimuli in an area of GC in mice immediately posterior to the MCA. This area was chosen d ...
21 Nervous System
... • The sense of smell is needed to identify some foods such as chocolate. • When saliva in your mouth mixes with the chocolate, odors travel up the nasal passage in the back of your throat. • The olfactory cells are stimulated, and the taste and smell of chocolate are sensed. ...
... • The sense of smell is needed to identify some foods such as chocolate. • When saliva in your mouth mixes with the chocolate, odors travel up the nasal passage in the back of your throat. • The olfactory cells are stimulated, and the taste and smell of chocolate are sensed. ...
Alzheimer-like neurodegeneration in aged antinerve growth factor
... ameliorates lesion-induced abnormalities in these cells (6), and reverses atrophy of BFCNs (7) and spatial memory impairments in aged rats (8–10). A decline in the integrity of the central cholinergic function in aged human brain has been postulated (11) to be responsible for the neuropathological c ...
... ameliorates lesion-induced abnormalities in these cells (6), and reverses atrophy of BFCNs (7) and spatial memory impairments in aged rats (8–10). A decline in the integrity of the central cholinergic function in aged human brain has been postulated (11) to be responsible for the neuropathological c ...
MITOTIC NEUROBLASTS IN THE g-DAY-OLD AND ll-MONTH
... The electron microscopic observations reported in this study reveal: (I) that a steady rate of granule cell neurogenesis occurs during the first year of a rodent’s life; (2) that newly formed granule neurons in the dentate gyrus of the newborn mouse and adult rat are a result of neuroblast division; ...
... The electron microscopic observations reported in this study reveal: (I) that a steady rate of granule cell neurogenesis occurs during the first year of a rodent’s life; (2) that newly formed granule neurons in the dentate gyrus of the newborn mouse and adult rat are a result of neuroblast division; ...
The role of neuronal signaling in controlling cerebral blood flow
... E-mail address: [email protected] (C.T. Drake). ...
... E-mail address: [email protected] (C.T. Drake). ...
Validation of In Vivo Mouse Brain Fiber Tracking
... Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Medical Physics, University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany, 2Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Freiburg, Germany ...
... Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Medical Physics, University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany, 2Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Freiburg, Germany ...
PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen
... career of this analytic approach we are still lacking an appropriate under standing of the brain’s integrative functions: How do all the known compo nents interact as a system, how can they develop synergy and be integrated into a functional whole? How do networks of neurons aquire those emergent ...
... career of this analytic approach we are still lacking an appropriate under standing of the brain’s integrative functions: How do all the known compo nents interact as a system, how can they develop synergy and be integrated into a functional whole? How do networks of neurons aquire those emergent ...
The human nervous system An anatomical viewpoint
... -- Singing and playing musical instruments, appreciation of music. Musical skills & comprehension lost following vascular occlusion in right hemisphere. (4). Prefrontal cortex mediates working memory and decision making The parts of frontal lobe anterior to area 4 & 6, do not cause movements when s ...
... -- Singing and playing musical instruments, appreciation of music. Musical skills & comprehension lost following vascular occlusion in right hemisphere. (4). Prefrontal cortex mediates working memory and decision making The parts of frontal lobe anterior to area 4 & 6, do not cause movements when s ...
Sodium channel expression in the ventral posterolateral nucleus of
... ing of the skin, and pinching of the skin. Our new data also document the abnormal expression of the Nav1.3 voltage-gated sodium channel transcripts in the VPL during this time of neuronal hyperresponsiveness and reduced nociceptive thresholds. We observed no changes in the expression of neuronal so ...
... ing of the skin, and pinching of the skin. Our new data also document the abnormal expression of the Nav1.3 voltage-gated sodium channel transcripts in the VPL during this time of neuronal hyperresponsiveness and reduced nociceptive thresholds. We observed no changes in the expression of neuronal so ...
STDP produces robust oscillatory architectures that exhibit precise
... For potentiation, the learning rate value λ is 0.3, and the window τ is 20 ms. For depression, the learning rate value λ is 0.3105 and the window τ is 10 ms. F. Evolution of oscillatory nodes Although groups of neurons firing together rhythmically can occur because of intrinsic firing patterns of ex ...
... For potentiation, the learning rate value λ is 0.3, and the window τ is 20 ms. For depression, the learning rate value λ is 0.3105 and the window τ is 10 ms. F. Evolution of oscillatory nodes Although groups of neurons firing together rhythmically can occur because of intrinsic firing patterns of ex ...
NIHMS263877-supplement-1
... experimental data. We will compare the exponential decay ex(t) observed in the data with the variable v(t) of our model that corresponds to the temporally integrated response of neurons to reward. Consistent with the data, the response v(t) shows an exponential decay, and we will focus on studying i ...
... experimental data. We will compare the exponential decay ex(t) observed in the data with the variable v(t) of our model that corresponds to the temporally integrated response of neurons to reward. Consistent with the data, the response v(t) shows an exponential decay, and we will focus on studying i ...
Neural Nets
... If Xk is in X- but misclassified, take wk+1 = wk - ck Xk. If Xk is in X+ but misclassified, take wk+1 = wk + ck Xk. The sequence ck should be chosen according to the data. Overly large constant values can lead to oscillation during training. Values that are too small will increase training time. How ...
... If Xk is in X- but misclassified, take wk+1 = wk - ck Xk. If Xk is in X+ but misclassified, take wk+1 = wk + ck Xk. The sequence ck should be chosen according to the data. Overly large constant values can lead to oscillation during training. Values that are too small will increase training time. How ...
Control of movement direction - Cognitive Science Research Group
... In the introduction to this chapter, it was mentioned that a long–standing controversy in biological motor control is the question about whether muscle dynamics or movement kinematics are represented in the motor cortex (Kalaska et al., 1992; Johnson et al., 2001; Flash and Sejnowski, 2001). The deb ...
... In the introduction to this chapter, it was mentioned that a long–standing controversy in biological motor control is the question about whether muscle dynamics or movement kinematics are represented in the motor cortex (Kalaska et al., 1992; Johnson et al., 2001; Flash and Sejnowski, 2001). The deb ...
Neural Correlates of Learning in the Prefrontal Cortex of the Monkey
... These observations are summarized in the network architecture of Figure 2. The network is made of an input layer (sensory), an output layer (motor), and two hidden layers: (1) a matching layer in which units model neurons in higher-order sensory and motor regions and (2) a bistable layer in which un ...
... These observations are summarized in the network architecture of Figure 2. The network is made of an input layer (sensory), an output layer (motor), and two hidden layers: (1) a matching layer in which units model neurons in higher-order sensory and motor regions and (2) a bistable layer in which un ...
Recovery of consciousness after brain injury: a mesocircuit hypothesis
... by ascending projections from the brainstem/basal forebrain ‘arousal systems’ that control the activity of many cortical and thalamic neurons during the sleep–wake cycle and descending projections from frontal cortical systems that organize goal-directed behaviors and adjust the level of arousal ass ...
... by ascending projections from the brainstem/basal forebrain ‘arousal systems’ that control the activity of many cortical and thalamic neurons during the sleep–wake cycle and descending projections from frontal cortical systems that organize goal-directed behaviors and adjust the level of arousal ass ...
Recovery of consciousness after brain injury: a
... by ascending projections from the brainstem/basal forebrain ‘arousal systems’ that control the activity of many cortical and thalamic neurons during the sleep–wake cycle and descending projections from frontal cortical systems that organize goal-directed behaviors and adjust the level of arousal ass ...
... by ascending projections from the brainstem/basal forebrain ‘arousal systems’ that control the activity of many cortical and thalamic neurons during the sleep–wake cycle and descending projections from frontal cortical systems that organize goal-directed behaviors and adjust the level of arousal ass ...
Gustatory processing is dynamic and distributed Donald B
... cross-correlations. The neuron pair analyzed here crosscorrelated strongly (and negatively) only in the presence of nicotine (orange line) and citric acid (green line). Peaked cross correlations were not found for sucrose (black), NaCl (maroon) or quinine (dark blue). When cross-correlations are tak ...
... cross-correlations. The neuron pair analyzed here crosscorrelated strongly (and negatively) only in the presence of nicotine (orange line) and citric acid (green line). Peaked cross correlations were not found for sucrose (black), NaCl (maroon) or quinine (dark blue). When cross-correlations are tak ...
Vesicular glutamate transporter 3
... ter of serotonergic neurons, whereas the DRDSh consists of scattered serotonergic neurons in the surrounding regions (Abrams et al., 2005; Lowry et al., 2008). The rat DR has, however, been indicated to contain a substantial number of nonserotonergic neurons (Descarries et al., 1982). Numerous studi ...
... ter of serotonergic neurons, whereas the DRDSh consists of scattered serotonergic neurons in the surrounding regions (Abrams et al., 2005; Lowry et al., 2008). The rat DR has, however, been indicated to contain a substantial number of nonserotonergic neurons (Descarries et al., 1982). Numerous studi ...
LESSON ASSIGNMENT LESSON 5 The Central Nervous
... (1) Sensorv neurons. In sensory neurons, impulses are transmitted from receptor organs (for pain, vision, hearing, and so forth) to the central nervous system (CNS). Sensory neurons are also known as afferent neurons. (2) Motor neurons. In motor neurons, impulses are transmitted from the central ner ...
... (1) Sensorv neurons. In sensory neurons, impulses are transmitted from receptor organs (for pain, vision, hearing, and so forth) to the central nervous system (CNS). Sensory neurons are also known as afferent neurons. (2) Motor neurons. In motor neurons, impulses are transmitted from the central ner ...
Temperature Integration at the AC Thermosensory Neurons
... et al., 2011). We therefore used Drosophila to address this question because they offer a relatively simple biological system coupled with powerful genetic and physiological tools that can provide the groundwork for the subsequent analysis of more complex systems (Olsen and Wilson, 2008; Griffith, 2 ...
... et al., 2011). We therefore used Drosophila to address this question because they offer a relatively simple biological system coupled with powerful genetic and physiological tools that can provide the groundwork for the subsequent analysis of more complex systems (Olsen and Wilson, 2008; Griffith, 2 ...
The structure and connexions of neurons
... The grains are little nervous elements with several fine dendrites ending in a digitiform ramification, and having an extraordinarily delicate axon (a in Fig. 5). This nerve prolongation ascends to the plexiform layer, and bifurcating at different heights produces a very delicate so-called parallel ...
... The grains are little nervous elements with several fine dendrites ending in a digitiform ramification, and having an extraordinarily delicate axon (a in Fig. 5). This nerve prolongation ascends to the plexiform layer, and bifurcating at different heights produces a very delicate so-called parallel ...
Hsiang-Tung Chang
... In 1940, all the large towns of the east coast and a great part of China were occupied by the Japanese. Thousands and thousands of my people had been assassinated or died of cold and hunger. I was desperate and humiliated, all hopes gone. I decided to leave the academy and travel to Yunan. I met tre ...
... In 1940, all the large towns of the east coast and a great part of China were occupied by the Japanese. Thousands and thousands of my people had been assassinated or died of cold and hunger. I was desperate and humiliated, all hopes gone. I decided to leave the academy and travel to Yunan. I met tre ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.