Importance of salmon to wildlife: Implications
... ecosystems throughdeposition of eggs and decomposition of carcasses, and through consumers that eat live and dead salmon and subsequently deposit these materials through urine, feces, and decomposition. Although some of these nutrientsare swept back out to sea with the flow of fresh water, the retur ...
... ecosystems throughdeposition of eggs and decomposition of carcasses, and through consumers that eat live and dead salmon and subsequently deposit these materials through urine, feces, and decomposition. Although some of these nutrientsare swept back out to sea with the flow of fresh water, the retur ...
Grassland Ecosystems Black-footed Ferrets
... Black-footed ferrets are carnivorous and have a very specific diet. They are specialist predators of prairie dogs, which make up 90% of the ferret’s diet. They are well adapted for hunting prairie dogs with their sharp teeth and strong jaws. Since prairie dogs are often larger than the ferret itself ...
... Black-footed ferrets are carnivorous and have a very specific diet. They are specialist predators of prairie dogs, which make up 90% of the ferret’s diet. They are well adapted for hunting prairie dogs with their sharp teeth and strong jaws. Since prairie dogs are often larger than the ferret itself ...
curriculum vitae - Towson University
... Cornelissen, L. Gough, S.E. Hobbie, S. Jonasson, J.A. Lee, A. Michelsen, M.C. Press, S.J. Richardson, and H. Rueth. 2003. Long-term ecosystem level experiments at Toolik Lake, Alaska and at Abisko, Northern Sweden: Generalisations and differences in ecosystem and plant type responses to global chang ...
... Cornelissen, L. Gough, S.E. Hobbie, S. Jonasson, J.A. Lee, A. Michelsen, M.C. Press, S.J. Richardson, and H. Rueth. 2003. Long-term ecosystem level experiments at Toolik Lake, Alaska and at Abisko, Northern Sweden: Generalisations and differences in ecosystem and plant type responses to global chang ...
Soil detritivore functioning in heterogeneously contaminated soils
... chlorotica at the higher contaminated soils were due to the high humidity of the soil as the species prefers humid conditions. Therefore, no effects of contamination on soil fauna were found which was probably due to the low availability of the contamination. In addition, laboratory tests were perfo ...
... chlorotica at the higher contaminated soils were due to the high humidity of the soil as the species prefers humid conditions. Therefore, no effects of contamination on soil fauna were found which was probably due to the low availability of the contamination. In addition, laboratory tests were perfo ...
natural Systems - International Wolf Center
... the number of wolves in the pack and the amount of food available. Because wolves generally hunt within the boundaries of their territory, a large enough population of prey animals needs to exist within that territory to sustain the pack over time. The territory can be likened to a refrigerator: it ...
... the number of wolves in the pack and the amount of food available. Because wolves generally hunt within the boundaries of their territory, a large enough population of prey animals needs to exist within that territory to sustain the pack over time. The territory can be likened to a refrigerator: it ...
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... hand there is an approach that describes a community as the sum of its traits. Here spatial and temporal variabilities of abundances of species come to the fore, which are defined by their population dynamics (e.g. Turchin 2003; Geritz & Kisdi 2004) and their species diversity (Rosenzweig 1995) as w ...
... hand there is an approach that describes a community as the sum of its traits. Here spatial and temporal variabilities of abundances of species come to the fore, which are defined by their population dynamics (e.g. Turchin 2003; Geritz & Kisdi 2004) and their species diversity (Rosenzweig 1995) as w ...
Mycorrhizae – symbiotic mediators of rhizosphere and
... Mycorrhizal fungi are a significant carbon sink for their host plants and if nutrient uptake benefits do not outweigh these carbon costs, then both plant and fungal growth can be depressed (Nylund and Wallander 1989; Peng et al. 1993; Colpaert et al. 1996). Mycorrhizal biomass has been shown to bot ...
... Mycorrhizal fungi are a significant carbon sink for their host plants and if nutrient uptake benefits do not outweigh these carbon costs, then both plant and fungal growth can be depressed (Nylund and Wallander 1989; Peng et al. 1993; Colpaert et al. 1996). Mycorrhizal biomass has been shown to bot ...
Advances of mixed forest litter decomposition researches
... determinative factor. However, the relation between litter quality and non-additive effects of litter mixtures is still a controversy. In Hoorens [18] reports, the decomposition of a wide array of two-species litter mixtures with differences initial litter chemistry was tested. They found that the n ...
... determinative factor. However, the relation between litter quality and non-additive effects of litter mixtures is still a controversy. In Hoorens [18] reports, the decomposition of a wide array of two-species litter mixtures with differences initial litter chemistry was tested. They found that the n ...
A Global Crisis for Seagrass Ecosystems
... by region and climate (figure 4; Beck et al. 2001, Figure 3. Seagrass evolution time line for the past 100 million years during Heck et al. 2003). The large-scale loss of seagrass periods of changing (a) global ocean structure (Dietz and Holden 1970), that occurred on both sides of the North Atlanti ...
... by region and climate (figure 4; Beck et al. 2001, Figure 3. Seagrass evolution time line for the past 100 million years during Heck et al. 2003). The large-scale loss of seagrass periods of changing (a) global ocean structure (Dietz and Holden 1970), that occurred on both sides of the North Atlanti ...
Introduction to Ecological Landscaping: A
... examining the interconnected relationships among organisms, abiotic conditions and resources, and environmental patterns and processes (especially the transformations and flow of matter and energy) both within and outside of an individual landscape parcel. This ecological science view is related to ...
... examining the interconnected relationships among organisms, abiotic conditions and resources, and environmental patterns and processes (especially the transformations and flow of matter and energy) both within and outside of an individual landscape parcel. This ecological science view is related to ...
symbiotic mediators of rhizosphere and ecosystem processes
... Mycorrhizal fungi are a significant carbon sink for their host plants and if nutrient uptake benefits do not outweigh these carbon costs, then both plant and fungal growth can be depressed (Nylund and Wallander 1989; Peng et al. 1993; Colpaert et al. 1996). Mycorrhizal biomass has been shown to bot ...
... Mycorrhizal fungi are a significant carbon sink for their host plants and if nutrient uptake benefits do not outweigh these carbon costs, then both plant and fungal growth can be depressed (Nylund and Wallander 1989; Peng et al. 1993; Colpaert et al. 1996). Mycorrhizal biomass has been shown to bot ...
edible forest gardens
... Copyright © 2005 Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier All rights reserved. No part of this book may be transmitted in any form by any means without permission in writing from the publisher. Disclaimer: T h e authors of this book have made every effort to ensure that the information presented herein is acc ...
... Copyright © 2005 Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier All rights reserved. No part of this book may be transmitted in any form by any means without permission in writing from the publisher. Disclaimer: T h e authors of this book have made every effort to ensure that the information presented herein is acc ...
Benthic Invertebrate Fauna, Small Streams
... 1. Chadwick MA and Huryn AD (2005) Response of stream macroinvertebrate production to atmospheric nitrogen deposition and channel drying. Limnology and Oceanography 50: 228–236. 2. Gaines WL, Cushing CE, and Smith SD (1992) Secondary production estimates of benthic insects in three cold desert strea ...
... 1. Chadwick MA and Huryn AD (2005) Response of stream macroinvertebrate production to atmospheric nitrogen deposition and channel drying. Limnology and Oceanography 50: 228–236. 2. Gaines WL, Cushing CE, and Smith SD (1992) Secondary production estimates of benthic insects in three cold desert strea ...
symbiotic mediators of rhizosphere and ecosystem processes
... 2003). These studies indicate that co-adaptation of plant-fungus pairs occurs at the centimeter scale within individual plant rhizospheres, not at the hectare scale within grassland swards. Furthermore, this work provides solid experimental support for the hypothesis that ecotypes of plants and myco ...
... 2003). These studies indicate that co-adaptation of plant-fungus pairs occurs at the centimeter scale within individual plant rhizospheres, not at the hectare scale within grassland swards. Furthermore, this work provides solid experimental support for the hypothesis that ecotypes of plants and myco ...
Eartworms in a plant diversity gradient
... Eisenhauer N, Straube D and Scheu S (2008) Efficiency of two widespread non-destructive extraction methods under dry soil conditions for different ecological earthworm groups. European Journal of Soil Biology 44: 141-145. ...
... Eisenhauer N, Straube D and Scheu S (2008) Efficiency of two widespread non-destructive extraction methods under dry soil conditions for different ecological earthworm groups. European Journal of Soil Biology 44: 141-145. ...
Estuary Chpt. 1 - Overview of the Kennebec Estuary
... shortage of available information. Despite the Kennebec Estuary’s notoriety during the early phases of nationwide efforts to address centuries of water pollution, relatively few data were available even for issues that were once prominent in the public’s perception. In some cases, limited raw data w ...
... shortage of available information. Despite the Kennebec Estuary’s notoriety during the early phases of nationwide efforts to address centuries of water pollution, relatively few data were available even for issues that were once prominent in the public’s perception. In some cases, limited raw data w ...
Intermittent Stream Ecology
... disturbance/recovery cycles and biological diversity. Through these efforts we can better understand the true scale of the threat posed by climate change and initiate or strengthen those efforts which best ameliorate those threats. Also, we must better understand the consequences of anthropogeni ...
... disturbance/recovery cycles and biological diversity. Through these efforts we can better understand the true scale of the threat posed by climate change and initiate or strengthen those efforts which best ameliorate those threats. Also, we must better understand the consequences of anthropogeni ...
CORAL REEF AND SEAGRASS ECOSYSTEMS CONSERVATION
... Coral reef and seagrass ecosystems cover less than 1% of earth’s surface but support the highest marine biodiversity in the world. These ecosystems are known to harbour up to 3 million species, representing one third of all known marine species. For ages, resources from these ecosystems have remaine ...
... Coral reef and seagrass ecosystems cover less than 1% of earth’s surface but support the highest marine biodiversity in the world. These ecosystems are known to harbour up to 3 million species, representing one third of all known marine species. For ages, resources from these ecosystems have remaine ...
Schedonorus pratensis
... interactions can also modify litter quality in the ecological time scale. For instance, herbivore ...
... interactions can also modify litter quality in the ecological time scale. For instance, herbivore ...
Ecosystem context and historical contingency in apex predator
... tend to have slower somatic growth rates, larger size at maturity, and longer generation lengths, all life history traits correlated with fewer offspring (12, 13). A low maximal reproduction rate means that it is difficult to mount compensatory responses via recruitment to enhanced mortality. Althou ...
... tend to have slower somatic growth rates, larger size at maturity, and longer generation lengths, all life history traits correlated with fewer offspring (12, 13). A low maximal reproduction rate means that it is difficult to mount compensatory responses via recruitment to enhanced mortality. Althou ...
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... (see Hodkinson, Chapter 7). Terrestrial food webs also include fewer trophic levels than, for instance, aquatic ecosystems in the Arctic (Wrona & Reist, Chapter 13, Michel, Chapter 14), although high Arctic limnic systems may be as simple as their terrestrial counterparts (van der Wal & Hessen 2009, ...
... (see Hodkinson, Chapter 7). Terrestrial food webs also include fewer trophic levels than, for instance, aquatic ecosystems in the Arctic (Wrona & Reist, Chapter 13, Michel, Chapter 14), although high Arctic limnic systems may be as simple as their terrestrial counterparts (van der Wal & Hessen 2009, ...
Ecosystem
An ecosystem is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment (things like air, water and mineral soil), interacting as a system. These biotic and abiotic components are regarded as linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows. As ecosystems are defined by the network of interactions among organisms, and between organisms and their environment, they can be of any size but usually encompass specific, limited spaces (although some scientists say that the entire planet is an ecosystem).Energy, water, nitrogen and soil minerals are other essential abiotic components of an ecosystem. The energy that flows through ecosystems is obtained primarily from the sun. It generally enters the system through photosynthesis, a process that also captures carbon from the atmosphere. By feeding on plants and on one another, animals play an important role in the movement of matter and energy through the system. They also influence the quantity of plant and microbial biomass present. By breaking down dead organic matter, decomposers release carbon back to the atmosphere and facilitate nutrient cycling by converting nutrients stored in dead biomass back to a form that can be readily used by plants and other microbes.Ecosystems are controlled both by external and internal factors. External factors such as climate, the parent material which forms the soil and topography, control the overall structure of an ecosystem and the way things work within it, but are not themselves influenced by the ecosystem. Other external factors include time and potential biota. Ecosystems are dynamic entities—invariably, they are subject to periodic disturbances and are in the process of recovering from some past disturbance. Ecosystems in similar environments that are located in different parts of the world can have very different characteristics simply because they contain different species. The introduction of non-native species can cause substantial shifts in ecosystem function. Internal factors not only control ecosystem processes but are also controlled by them and are often subject to feedback loops. While the resource inputs are generally controlled by external processes like climate and parent material, the availability of these resources within the ecosystem is controlled by internal factors like decomposition, root competition or shading. Other internal factors include disturbance, succession and the types of species present. Although humans exist and operate within ecosystems, their cumulative effects are large enough to influence external factors like climate.Biodiversity affects ecosystem function, as do the processes of disturbance and succession. Ecosystems provide a variety of goods and services upon which people depend; the principles of ecosystem management suggest that rather than managing individual species, natural resources should be managed at the level of the ecosystem itself. Classifying ecosystems into ecologically homogeneous units is an important step towards effective ecosystem management, but there is no single, agreed-upon way to do this.