Overfishing of marine resources: some lessons from the assessment
... changes in the trophic structures of fish communities caused by fishing; they attribute this phenomena of “fishing down the marine food web” to a higher vulnerability of high trophic levels. The role of trophic levels in the resilience of exploited marine populations has since become the subject of ...
... changes in the trophic structures of fish communities caused by fishing; they attribute this phenomena of “fishing down the marine food web” to a higher vulnerability of high trophic levels. The role of trophic levels in the resilience of exploited marine populations has since become the subject of ...
Biodiversity Research
... each other? Or does each species play a unique role, making it irreplaceable within the system? Are species-rich communities more productive? Do they fix carbon more effectively and thus slow down climate change? Or are modern high-yield varieties superior in this regard? What is the effect of great ...
... each other? Or does each species play a unique role, making it irreplaceable within the system? Are species-rich communities more productive? Do they fix carbon more effectively and thus slow down climate change? Or are modern high-yield varieties superior in this regard? What is the effect of great ...
Life and Living - The Department of Education
... their environment survive and pass on features to their offspring to help them survive interactions of living things in the same environment can result in changes, which may cause some species to become dominant and others to disappear (eg weeds, cane toads, locusts and feral animals) ...
... their environment survive and pass on features to their offspring to help them survive interactions of living things in the same environment can result in changes, which may cause some species to become dominant and others to disappear (eg weeds, cane toads, locusts and feral animals) ...
Journal of Arid Environments
... fungal diversity. Advances in molecular techniques now make it feasible not only to characterize AM fungi present as spores but also to directly identify some of the AM fungi in planta by using PCR-based methods to obtain AM fungal specific sequences. So far these molecular methods remain the most re ...
... fungal diversity. Advances in molecular techniques now make it feasible not only to characterize AM fungi present as spores but also to directly identify some of the AM fungi in planta by using PCR-based methods to obtain AM fungal specific sequences. So far these molecular methods remain the most re ...
Low biodiversity state persists two decades after cessation of nutrient enrichment
... All statistical tests were conducted in R 2.13.2 (www.r-project.org). To summarise temporal trends in plant species richness, plant species diversity and E. repens relative biomass, we fit loess regressions using the geom_smooth function in the ggplot2 package (Wickham 2010). To test for a hystereti ...
... All statistical tests were conducted in R 2.13.2 (www.r-project.org). To summarise temporal trends in plant species richness, plant species diversity and E. repens relative biomass, we fit loess regressions using the geom_smooth function in the ggplot2 package (Wickham 2010). To test for a hystereti ...
File
... Regulating: those which are vital to the functioning of the earths system e.g. carbon sinks. Cultural: aesthetic and spiritual enjoyment that people enjoy from ecosystems. Supporting: processes such as nutrient cycling, soil formation and primary production which are vital to the functioning of the ...
... Regulating: those which are vital to the functioning of the earths system e.g. carbon sinks. Cultural: aesthetic and spiritual enjoyment that people enjoy from ecosystems. Supporting: processes such as nutrient cycling, soil formation and primary production which are vital to the functioning of the ...
Animating the Carbon Cycle
... mechanisms accounting for the role of animals in biogeochemical processes in general, and the carbon cycle specifically, are becoming better understood (Vanni 2002; Schmitz and others 2010), the magnitude of their effects remains remain poorly quantified. This is in part due to a research tradition ...
... mechanisms accounting for the role of animals in biogeochemical processes in general, and the carbon cycle specifically, are becoming better understood (Vanni 2002; Schmitz and others 2010), the magnitude of their effects remains remain poorly quantified. This is in part due to a research tradition ...
A comparison between conventional and organic farming practices 1
... timings of fertiliser or manure applications on the arable land and not the grassland. Soil organic matter (SOM) There was no significant difference (p<0.05) between organic and conventional management for SOM content as was reported by Gosling and Shepherd (2005). This can be explained by the fact ...
... timings of fertiliser or manure applications on the arable land and not the grassland. Soil organic matter (SOM) There was no significant difference (p<0.05) between organic and conventional management for SOM content as was reported by Gosling and Shepherd (2005). This can be explained by the fact ...
Burrowing rodents as ecosystem engineers
... diversity (Table 4; Zhang & Liu, 2003), while the community on the occupied sites became dominated by those plants containing secondary chemical compounds such as Ajania tenuifolia containing monoterpenes and Elsholtzia calycocarpa containing pennyroyals (Yang, 1991). There are many differences in t ...
... diversity (Table 4; Zhang & Liu, 2003), while the community on the occupied sites became dominated by those plants containing secondary chemical compounds such as Ajania tenuifolia containing monoterpenes and Elsholtzia calycocarpa containing pennyroyals (Yang, 1991). There are many differences in t ...
Ways organisms interact - Franklin County Public Schools
... Images from: Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall ...
... Images from: Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall ...
Genetic Biodiversity Recommendations of the European Platform for
... of their nutrition from symbiotic algae called zooxanthellae, which give the coral its characteristic colour. Successive generations of individuals build their skeletons on those of earlier generations; in this way a coral head is formed. After many centuries of such building a reef is formed. Corio ...
... of their nutrition from symbiotic algae called zooxanthellae, which give the coral its characteristic colour. Successive generations of individuals build their skeletons on those of earlier generations; in this way a coral head is formed. After many centuries of such building a reef is formed. Corio ...
Definitions of terms relating to biological diversity
... of their nutrition from symbiotic algae called zooxanthellae, which give the coral its characteristic colour. Successive generations of individuals build their skeletons on those of earlier generations; in this way a coral head is formed. After many centuries of such building a reef is formed. Corio ...
... of their nutrition from symbiotic algae called zooxanthellae, which give the coral its characteristic colour. Successive generations of individuals build their skeletons on those of earlier generations; in this way a coral head is formed. After many centuries of such building a reef is formed. Corio ...
The Scale of Successional Models and Restoration Objectives
... a similar array of species. Within urban areas, for example, a major influence on the success of a site’s restoration is the continuous propagule input of aggressive invasive species dispersed from adjacent habitats. Such dispersal represents an example of a process arising external to the site. Oth ...
... a similar array of species. Within urban areas, for example, a major influence on the success of a site’s restoration is the continuous propagule input of aggressive invasive species dispersed from adjacent habitats. Such dispersal represents an example of a process arising external to the site. Oth ...
British Columbia Grasslands Monitoring Vegetation Change
... of this publication: Barry Adams, Terry McIntosh, Tim Ross, and Rick Tucker for technical review; Susan Bannerman and Sue Thorne for editorial work; Ivan Gayton for software assistance; Susanne Barker and Roxanne Smith of the British Columbia Ministry of Forests library for extensive reference work. ...
... of this publication: Barry Adams, Terry McIntosh, Tim Ross, and Rick Tucker for technical review; Susan Bannerman and Sue Thorne for editorial work; Ivan Gayton for software assistance; Susanne Barker and Roxanne Smith of the British Columbia Ministry of Forests library for extensive reference work. ...
Reinventing mutualism between humans and wild fauna: insights
... cultural services (role of birds in art and religion or birdwatching tourism) (Whelan et al. 2008). The ecosystem services provided by birds mainly occur beyond urban boundaries, but can occasionally take place within highly anthropized (human-altered) environments. Urban areas represent particular ...
... cultural services (role of birds in art and religion or birdwatching tourism) (Whelan et al. 2008). The ecosystem services provided by birds mainly occur beyond urban boundaries, but can occasionally take place within highly anthropized (human-altered) environments. Urban areas represent particular ...
The Effect of Coyote Removal in Texas
... because the grey wolves would simply produce the same problem that the coyotes did (they have the same diet) So, humans use scare techniques to scare the coyotes away; however, eventually they become ineffective as the coyotes adapt to these techniques Lethal control: shooting is popularly used ...
... because the grey wolves would simply produce the same problem that the coyotes did (they have the same diet) So, humans use scare techniques to scare the coyotes away; however, eventually they become ineffective as the coyotes adapt to these techniques Lethal control: shooting is popularly used ...
Restoration in the Rainshadow - SER
... This paper describes the role of local knowledge and ethnoecological methods in the restoration of Garry oak ecosystems in southwestern British Columbia. Information resulting from recent ethnoecological research on camas (Camassia spp.) on southern Vancouver Island provides the inspiration for a br ...
... This paper describes the role of local knowledge and ethnoecological methods in the restoration of Garry oak ecosystems in southwestern British Columbia. Information resulting from recent ethnoecological research on camas (Camassia spp.) on southern Vancouver Island provides the inspiration for a br ...
Earthworm invasion into previously earthworm-free temperate and boreal forests
... part of the detritivore community, consuming leaf litter and increasing rates of decomposition. Although it is well known that detritivores and decomposers are necessary for recycling of carbon and nutrients, seldom do scientists have the chance to observe how a major change in the detritivore commu ...
... part of the detritivore community, consuming leaf litter and increasing rates of decomposition. Although it is well known that detritivores and decomposers are necessary for recycling of carbon and nutrients, seldom do scientists have the chance to observe how a major change in the detritivore commu ...
marine ecosystems and fisheries
... propagate through marine ecosystems much more rapidly than on land. This has significant implications for the study and management of ocean ecosystems. Another distinction of marine ecosystems is the complexity of their food webs. Many marine animals consume food at different trophic levels at diffe ...
... propagate through marine ecosystems much more rapidly than on land. This has significant implications for the study and management of ocean ecosystems. Another distinction of marine ecosystems is the complexity of their food webs. Many marine animals consume food at different trophic levels at diffe ...
Understanding Nutrients: Phosphorus Cycle
... Nitrogen and phosphorus are essential to life and are cycled through the natural ecological systems in an orderly, balanced way. Both are building blocks for protein and the growth of plant tissue. Without nitrogen and phosphorus, there would be no food chain. While phosphorus is of great biological ...
... Nitrogen and phosphorus are essential to life and are cycled through the natural ecological systems in an orderly, balanced way. Both are building blocks for protein and the growth of plant tissue. Without nitrogen and phosphorus, there would be no food chain. While phosphorus is of great biological ...
Red in tooth and claw: how top predators shape terrestrial ecosystems
... should increase along productivity gradients, while hare biomass should be constant. But while lynx rarely eat foxes, they do attack and kill them. In Sweden where lynx are also currently increasing, 50% of the deaths recorded in a radiotracked sample of foxes were due to attacks by lynx, which caus ...
... should increase along productivity gradients, while hare biomass should be constant. But while lynx rarely eat foxes, they do attack and kill them. In Sweden where lynx are also currently increasing, 50% of the deaths recorded in a radiotracked sample of foxes were due to attacks by lynx, which caus ...
2006_1_ivaskik207KBJun 26 2006 10:25:31 AM
... generally lower than those found in undisturbed habitats. Agricultural activities such as plowing, several tillage operations, fertilizing and application of chemical pesticides have dramatical effect on invertebrate animals. Any management practices applied to soils are likely to have some (positiv ...
... generally lower than those found in undisturbed habitats. Agricultural activities such as plowing, several tillage operations, fertilizing and application of chemical pesticides have dramatical effect on invertebrate animals. Any management practices applied to soils are likely to have some (positiv ...
Where less may be more: how the rare biosphere pulls
... ecosystems. This is also true for microbial communities, which are typically composed of a high number of relatively rare species. Recent studies have demonstrated that rare species can have an over-proportional role in biogeochemical cycles and may be a hidden driver of microbiome function. In this ...
... ecosystems. This is also true for microbial communities, which are typically composed of a high number of relatively rare species. Recent studies have demonstrated that rare species can have an over-proportional role in biogeochemical cycles and may be a hidden driver of microbiome function. In this ...
A0708 - ICES
... and Rivkin 2008). Within the context of this definition, viruses, although very small (ca. 20 to 200 nm), are not typically considered microbes because they are not self-sustaining, cellular organisms. Marine pelagic microbes include heterotrophic Bacteria and Archaea (0.2 µm to ca. 1.2 µm), phytopl ...
... and Rivkin 2008). Within the context of this definition, viruses, although very small (ca. 20 to 200 nm), are not typically considered microbes because they are not self-sustaining, cellular organisms. Marine pelagic microbes include heterotrophic Bacteria and Archaea (0.2 µm to ca. 1.2 µm), phytopl ...
Indirect Effects in - Department of Knowledge Technologies
... In the end of nineteenth century the school of thought founded by Dokuchaiev had developed a theory that soil was a product of complex interactions between climate and geological and biological components of the terrestrial landscape. Indirect effects in terrestrial ecosystems relate to the dependen ...
... In the end of nineteenth century the school of thought founded by Dokuchaiev had developed a theory that soil was a product of complex interactions between climate and geological and biological components of the terrestrial landscape. Indirect effects in terrestrial ecosystems relate to the dependen ...
Ecosystem
An ecosystem is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment (things like air, water and mineral soil), interacting as a system. These biotic and abiotic components are regarded as linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows. As ecosystems are defined by the network of interactions among organisms, and between organisms and their environment, they can be of any size but usually encompass specific, limited spaces (although some scientists say that the entire planet is an ecosystem).Energy, water, nitrogen and soil minerals are other essential abiotic components of an ecosystem. The energy that flows through ecosystems is obtained primarily from the sun. It generally enters the system through photosynthesis, a process that also captures carbon from the atmosphere. By feeding on plants and on one another, animals play an important role in the movement of matter and energy through the system. They also influence the quantity of plant and microbial biomass present. By breaking down dead organic matter, decomposers release carbon back to the atmosphere and facilitate nutrient cycling by converting nutrients stored in dead biomass back to a form that can be readily used by plants and other microbes.Ecosystems are controlled both by external and internal factors. External factors such as climate, the parent material which forms the soil and topography, control the overall structure of an ecosystem and the way things work within it, but are not themselves influenced by the ecosystem. Other external factors include time and potential biota. Ecosystems are dynamic entities—invariably, they are subject to periodic disturbances and are in the process of recovering from some past disturbance. Ecosystems in similar environments that are located in different parts of the world can have very different characteristics simply because they contain different species. The introduction of non-native species can cause substantial shifts in ecosystem function. Internal factors not only control ecosystem processes but are also controlled by them and are often subject to feedback loops. While the resource inputs are generally controlled by external processes like climate and parent material, the availability of these resources within the ecosystem is controlled by internal factors like decomposition, root competition or shading. Other internal factors include disturbance, succession and the types of species present. Although humans exist and operate within ecosystems, their cumulative effects are large enough to influence external factors like climate.Biodiversity affects ecosystem function, as do the processes of disturbance and succession. Ecosystems provide a variety of goods and services upon which people depend; the principles of ecosystem management suggest that rather than managing individual species, natural resources should be managed at the level of the ecosystem itself. Classifying ecosystems into ecologically homogeneous units is an important step towards effective ecosystem management, but there is no single, agreed-upon way to do this.