Differences in herbivore preferences, phlorotannin production, and
... sumed could be inaccurate, experiments were not always ended when half the algae were consumed. If only small amounts of material were consumed, dierences in consumption rates may re¯ect which tissue was encountered ®rst rather a food preference. If large amounts were consumed, strengths of prefere ...
... sumed could be inaccurate, experiments were not always ended when half the algae were consumed. If only small amounts of material were consumed, dierences in consumption rates may re¯ect which tissue was encountered ®rst rather a food preference. If large amounts were consumed, strengths of prefere ...
shifts in community leaf functional traits are
... of secondary succession (Vile et al. 2006a). Thus, changes in CWM traits along secondary succession, which have been postulated to be indicative for community resource use strategy (e.g. Mason et al. 2011; Raevel et al. 2012) may also be used to investigate the relationships between leaf functional ...
... of secondary succession (Vile et al. 2006a). Thus, changes in CWM traits along secondary succession, which have been postulated to be indicative for community resource use strategy (e.g. Mason et al. 2011; Raevel et al. 2012) may also be used to investigate the relationships between leaf functional ...
Downloaded
... of secondary succession (Vile et al. 2006a). Thus, changes in CWM traits along secondary succession, which have been postulated to be indicative for community resource use strategy (e.g. Mason et al. 2011; Raevel et al. 2012) may also be used to investigate the relationships between leaf functional ...
... of secondary succession (Vile et al. 2006a). Thus, changes in CWM traits along secondary succession, which have been postulated to be indicative for community resource use strategy (e.g. Mason et al. 2011; Raevel et al. 2012) may also be used to investigate the relationships between leaf functional ...
Littoral Ecosystems
... Probably migrated on ocean currents associated with strong El Nino events of 1997 & 1998 Scary Stuff ...
... Probably migrated on ocean currents associated with strong El Nino events of 1997 & 1998 Scary Stuff ...
A European morpho-functional classification of humus forms
... original plant organs being easily discernible to the naked eye. The humic component amounts to less than 10% by volume; recognizable remains 90% and more, up to 100% in non-decomposed litter (Fig. 3). Suffixes characterize neither fragmented nor transformed/discoloured leaves and/or needles (OLn), ...
... original plant organs being easily discernible to the naked eye. The humic component amounts to less than 10% by volume; recognizable remains 90% and more, up to 100% in non-decomposed litter (Fig. 3). Suffixes characterize neither fragmented nor transformed/discoloured leaves and/or needles (OLn), ...
Synthesis: comparing effects of resource and consumer fluxes into
... (H1) The direct effects of resource fluxes (bottom-up) should be stronger than the direct effects of consumer fluxes (top-down), because resource fluxes are permanent (do not return to the food web in which they were produced) but consumer fluxes may not be (consumers can leave). (H2) Following H1, ...
... (H1) The direct effects of resource fluxes (bottom-up) should be stronger than the direct effects of consumer fluxes (top-down), because resource fluxes are permanent (do not return to the food web in which they were produced) but consumer fluxes may not be (consumers can leave). (H2) Following H1, ...
4. Mechanisms involved in salt-marsh rejuvenation J.P. Bakker
... resultant negative feedbacks on larger, between-patch scales. These feedbacks can limit tussock expansion and, consequently, give rise to more complex structures on ecosystem or landscape scales. Furthermore, ecosystem engineering can be a mechanism for negative species interactions, resulting in ex ...
... resultant negative feedbacks on larger, between-patch scales. These feedbacks can limit tussock expansion and, consequently, give rise to more complex structures on ecosystem or landscape scales. Furthermore, ecosystem engineering can be a mechanism for negative species interactions, resulting in ex ...
Changes of diet and dominant intestinal microbes in farmland frogs
... soil microbes [28, 29]. The change in land use alters the nutrient cycling of soil, which affects the diversity and abundances of numerous environmentally important genes of microbes [30]. Changes in nutrient cycling affect the food webs of ecosystems [31], and changes in heterotrophic processes and ...
... soil microbes [28, 29]. The change in land use alters the nutrient cycling of soil, which affects the diversity and abundances of numerous environmentally important genes of microbes [30]. Changes in nutrient cycling affect the food webs of ecosystems [31], and changes in heterotrophic processes and ...
Refocusing Ecocentrism: De-emphasizing Stability
... Lotka-Volterra equations). Disturbances are considered atypical, and when they occur, ecosystems resist upset. When a natural system is disturbed, it typically returns to its pre-disturbance state or trajectory. Successional ecosystems will move through a predictable series of stages to their mature ...
... Lotka-Volterra equations). Disturbances are considered atypical, and when they occur, ecosystems resist upset. When a natural system is disturbed, it typically returns to its pre-disturbance state or trajectory. Successional ecosystems will move through a predictable series of stages to their mature ...
Herbivory in Crabs: Adaptations and Ecological
... To date, the physiological adaptations of crabs to herbivory are largely unstudied. Some information is available on digestive enzymes, and on chemosensory abilities. Digestion.—Enzymes that can digest some of the material in the cell walls of vascular plants have been identified in the guts of a va ...
... To date, the physiological adaptations of crabs to herbivory are largely unstudied. Some information is available on digestive enzymes, and on chemosensory abilities. Digestion.—Enzymes that can digest some of the material in the cell walls of vascular plants have been identified in the guts of a va ...
Terry Hughes, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for
... A functional group is defined as a group of species that share a common ecological function, regardless of their taxonomic affinities. An example is reef herbivores, a diverse assemblage that includes many species of fish, echinoids, and other taxa. The depletion or loss of one species in a function ...
... A functional group is defined as a group of species that share a common ecological function, regardless of their taxonomic affinities. An example is reef herbivores, a diverse assemblage that includes many species of fish, echinoids, and other taxa. The depletion or loss of one species in a function ...
Assessment of Divisions 2G 3K (Shrimp Fishing Areas 4 6) Northern
... the Hopedale and Cartwright (SFA 5) channels (Fig. 1). Annual catches (Fig. 2) increased steadily from less than 2,700 t in 1977 to about 4,100 t in 1981 but subsequently declined to 1,000 t in 1983 and 1984 due to poor markets and high operating costs. Economic conditions improved thereafter, and c ...
... the Hopedale and Cartwright (SFA 5) channels (Fig. 1). Annual catches (Fig. 2) increased steadily from less than 2,700 t in 1977 to about 4,100 t in 1981 but subsequently declined to 1,000 t in 1983 and 1984 due to poor markets and high operating costs. Economic conditions improved thereafter, and c ...
Cover sheet Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Collembola and plant
... determine if Collembola do reduce mycorrhizal functioning in the field, technologically difficult experiments need to be done, in which populations of animals and fungi are manipulated, while other soil organisms are unaffected. Given that AM fungi can affect the structure of plant communities, enha ...
... determine if Collembola do reduce mycorrhizal functioning in the field, technologically difficult experiments need to be done, in which populations of animals and fungi are manipulated, while other soil organisms are unaffected. Given that AM fungi can affect the structure of plant communities, enha ...
cleaned
... Disinfect: To reduce, by physical or chemical means, the number of potentially harmful microorganisms in the environment, to a level that does not compromise product safety or suitability. Farm Unit: The total area of land under control of one farmer or a collective of farmers, including all the far ...
... Disinfect: To reduce, by physical or chemical means, the number of potentially harmful microorganisms in the environment, to a level that does not compromise product safety or suitability. Farm Unit: The total area of land under control of one farmer or a collective of farmers, including all the far ...
long-term prospects for certified organic aquaculture products
... 2001. Of the recommendations, the maximum allowance of 5% fishmeal and oil in aquatic animal diets is perhaps the most significant and constraining for United States organic aquaculture producers. This is due to the existing National Standards mandating that livestock under organic management be pro ...
... 2001. Of the recommendations, the maximum allowance of 5% fishmeal and oil in aquatic animal diets is perhaps the most significant and constraining for United States organic aquaculture producers. This is due to the existing National Standards mandating that livestock under organic management be pro ...
Prairie Ecosystem Management - Alberta Prairie Conservation Forum
... recently from digging and trampling by prairie wildlife. Fire also frequently acted on the ecosystem, ignited either by lightning or humans. Energy and nutrients flow from plants that fix the sun's energy (photosynthesis) to the grazers (herbivory), the predators (predation), and the decomposers (de ...
... recently from digging and trampling by prairie wildlife. Fire also frequently acted on the ecosystem, ignited either by lightning or humans. Energy and nutrients flow from plants that fix the sun's energy (photosynthesis) to the grazers (herbivory), the predators (predation), and the decomposers (de ...
Photosynthesis in Extreme Environments
... When we think of extremophiles, prokaryotes come to mind first. Thomas Brock’s pioneering studies of extremophiles carried out in Yellowstone’s hydrothermal environments, set the focus of life in extreme environments on prokaryotes and their metabolisms (Brock, 1978). However, eukaryotic microbial l ...
... When we think of extremophiles, prokaryotes come to mind first. Thomas Brock’s pioneering studies of extremophiles carried out in Yellowstone’s hydrothermal environments, set the focus of life in extreme environments on prokaryotes and their metabolisms (Brock, 1978). However, eukaryotic microbial l ...
focus Agri - Agri Analysis
... Aluminum Ions come from? Hydrogen, the primary source of soil acidity, comes from numerous sources. These can include the breakdown of crop, manure, and other organic residues by soil organisms, the addition of certain fertilizer materials, the conversion of ammonia-nitrogen to nitratenitrogen, and ...
... Aluminum Ions come from? Hydrogen, the primary source of soil acidity, comes from numerous sources. These can include the breakdown of crop, manure, and other organic residues by soil organisms, the addition of certain fertilizer materials, the conversion of ammonia-nitrogen to nitratenitrogen, and ...
Endophytic fungi alter relationships between diversity and
... relationship between diversity and ecosystem properties may help to clarify some of the conflicting results found in other studies. Here, we use a field experiment with a dominant, introduced grass species to examine the question: Do endophytic fungi alter the relationship between diversity and ecos ...
... relationship between diversity and ecosystem properties may help to clarify some of the conflicting results found in other studies. Here, we use a field experiment with a dominant, introduced grass species to examine the question: Do endophytic fungi alter the relationship between diversity and ecos ...
[PDF 253.96KB]
... practice (Bengtsson et al., 2000; ) as well as wider ecological theory. For example, predator diversity may be important for herbivore pest control (Snyder et al., 2006; Tylianakis & Romo, 2010), while a diverse pollinator assemblage also ensures a full pollination service to the plant community (Me ...
... practice (Bengtsson et al., 2000; ) as well as wider ecological theory. For example, predator diversity may be important for herbivore pest control (Snyder et al., 2006; Tylianakis & Romo, 2010), while a diverse pollinator assemblage also ensures a full pollination service to the plant community (Me ...
Modeling Marine Ecosystem Services - Description
... of commercial harvest or recreational angling all determine the value of these services. Building models to account for the humans who interact with or are affected by an ecological system can therefore provide fundamental insights into the provision and value of ecosystem services. Simple economic ...
... of commercial harvest or recreational angling all determine the value of these services. Building models to account for the humans who interact with or are affected by an ecological system can therefore provide fundamental insights into the provision and value of ecosystem services. Simple economic ...
Ecological subsystems via graph theory: the role of
... transformed into a single compartment. In this way, a DAG for every network was obtained. Performing topological sort on each DAG yielded a sequential chain of energy flow. Using the Baltic Sea network as an example, the entire process is pictorially represented in Fig. 1. In it, one sees the networ ...
... transformed into a single compartment. In this way, a DAG for every network was obtained. Performing topological sort on each DAG yielded a sequential chain of energy flow. Using the Baltic Sea network as an example, the entire process is pictorially represented in Fig. 1. In it, one sees the networ ...
A brown-world cascade in the dung decomposer food web of an
... important and perhaps opposite effects on ecosystem process rates (e.g., detritus decomposition rate and plant growth rate) to those of the predators of living food webs. In plant-based food webs, where energy originates from living primary producers, predator control often cascades through herbivor ...
... important and perhaps opposite effects on ecosystem process rates (e.g., detritus decomposition rate and plant growth rate) to those of the predators of living food webs. In plant-based food webs, where energy originates from living primary producers, predator control often cascades through herbivor ...
Iowa Farmer Today 12-15-06 Soybean inoculants may be inconsistent for yield
... With inoculants costing $1.30-$2/acre, a benefit of 1 bu./acre would cover the cost of using the product. Those results might be lower in Iowa, Conley warns. Generally, soybean inoculants deliver a more consistent yield response as the organic matter in the soil is decreased. Generally, Iowa’s soil ...
... With inoculants costing $1.30-$2/acre, a benefit of 1 bu./acre would cover the cost of using the product. Those results might be lower in Iowa, Conley warns. Generally, soybean inoculants deliver a more consistent yield response as the organic matter in the soil is decreased. Generally, Iowa’s soil ...
Human-induced biotic invasions and changes in plankton
... Zooplankton taxa and their life stages were classified by their feeding function into five major groups: nauplii, herbivores, omnivores, small predators and predators. Nauplii are larval ...
... Zooplankton taxa and their life stages were classified by their feeding function into five major groups: nauplii, herbivores, omnivores, small predators and predators. Nauplii are larval ...
Human impact on the nitrogen cycle
Human impact on the nitrogen cycle is diverse. Agricultural and industrial nitrogen (N) inputs to the environment currently exceed inputs from natural N fixation. As a consequence of anthropogenic inputs, the global nitrogen cycle (Fig. 1) has been significantly altered over the past century. Global atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O) mole fractions have increased from a pre-industrial value of ~270 nmol/mol to ~319 nmol/mol in 2005. Human activities account for over one-third of N2O emissions, most of which are due to the agricultural sector. This article is intended to give a brief review of the history of anthropogenic N inputs, and reported impacts of nitrogen inputs on selected terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.