Organization of the Nervous System
... A neuron is at rest when it is not sending a signal and is in a negatively charged state. Even at rest, the neuron allows K to pass. Neuron pumps 3 Na ions out for every 2 K ions it pumps in. At rest, there are more Na ions outside and more K ions inside Resting & Action Potential ...
... A neuron is at rest when it is not sending a signal and is in a negatively charged state. Even at rest, the neuron allows K to pass. Neuron pumps 3 Na ions out for every 2 K ions it pumps in. At rest, there are more Na ions outside and more K ions inside Resting & Action Potential ...
Organization of the Nervous System
... A neuron is at rest when it is not sending a signal and is in a negatively charged state. Even at rest, the neuron allows K to pass. Neuron pumps 3 Na ions out for every 2 K ions it pumps in. At rest, there are more Na ions outside and more K ions inside Resting & Action Potential ...
... A neuron is at rest when it is not sending a signal and is in a negatively charged state. Even at rest, the neuron allows K to pass. Neuron pumps 3 Na ions out for every 2 K ions it pumps in. At rest, there are more Na ions outside and more K ions inside Resting & Action Potential ...
Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception
... Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception Sensation and Perception: The Distinction •Sensation: stimulation of sense organs •Perception: selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input •Psychophysics = the study of how physical stimuli are translated into psychological experience Psychophysic ...
... Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception Sensation and Perception: The Distinction •Sensation: stimulation of sense organs •Perception: selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input •Psychophysics = the study of how physical stimuli are translated into psychological experience Psychophysic ...
Module 3:Neural conduction and transmission Lecture 13
... sensory nerve cells with a single process connecting axon and dendrite. Most of the neurons conducting signals from skin to the brain and spinal cord are unipolar. The direction of conduction is from the dendrites to the axon. Bipolar neurons have a single axon and dendrite and hence are supposed to ...
... sensory nerve cells with a single process connecting axon and dendrite. Most of the neurons conducting signals from skin to the brain and spinal cord are unipolar. The direction of conduction is from the dendrites to the axon. Bipolar neurons have a single axon and dendrite and hence are supposed to ...
1 NOTES – CHAPTER 9 (Brief) The Nervous System – LECTURE
... d. myelin sheath – highly specialized insulating layer of cells around some axons 1) Specialized wrappings around axon; made of fat; is white in color 2) Excellent insulator and conductor; prevents almost all ion flow through the cell membrane 3) Nodes of Ranvier – gaps or indentations between neur ...
... d. myelin sheath – highly specialized insulating layer of cells around some axons 1) Specialized wrappings around axon; made of fat; is white in color 2) Excellent insulator and conductor; prevents almost all ion flow through the cell membrane 3) Nodes of Ranvier – gaps or indentations between neur ...
Reflexes
... -sensory neurons monitor the degree (type Ia fibers and type II fibers) and rate of stretch (type Ia fibers) of the intrafusal muscle fibers -the whole production (receptor cells and sensory neuron endings) is called a muscle spindle -when the muscle is stretched, sensory neurons send impulses and “ ...
... -sensory neurons monitor the degree (type Ia fibers and type II fibers) and rate of stretch (type Ia fibers) of the intrafusal muscle fibers -the whole production (receptor cells and sensory neuron endings) is called a muscle spindle -when the muscle is stretched, sensory neurons send impulses and “ ...
Unit M - Notes #1 Neurons - Mr. Lesiuk
... -Conduct a nerve impulse away from the cell body. 4. Myelin Sheath -Protective lipid coating of Schwann cells (type of neuroglial cell) forms insulating layer around longer axons and dendrites. OMIT "Larger __________" 5. Nodes of Ranvier -Interrupted areas of the Myelin Sheath due to gaps between o ...
... -Conduct a nerve impulse away from the cell body. 4. Myelin Sheath -Protective lipid coating of Schwann cells (type of neuroglial cell) forms insulating layer around longer axons and dendrites. OMIT "Larger __________" 5. Nodes of Ranvier -Interrupted areas of the Myelin Sheath due to gaps between o ...
2014 nervous system ppt
... B. Opens voltage-gated channels that result in rapid outflow of Na+ ions C. Is the depolarization that is need to generate an action potential D. Is a graded potential that is proportional to the strength of a stimulus ...
... B. Opens voltage-gated channels that result in rapid outflow of Na+ ions C. Is the depolarization that is need to generate an action potential D. Is a graded potential that is proportional to the strength of a stimulus ...
somatic sensation
... of stimulus. e.g. general thermal receptors respond to temperatures < 45 oC, whereas nociceptive thermal receptors respond to temperatures > 45 oC. Nociceptors have either free nerve endings or nonencapsulated end organs. They are not found in bone or brain tissue. Following tissue damage and nocice ...
... of stimulus. e.g. general thermal receptors respond to temperatures < 45 oC, whereas nociceptive thermal receptors respond to temperatures > 45 oC. Nociceptors have either free nerve endings or nonencapsulated end organs. They are not found in bone or brain tissue. Following tissue damage and nocice ...
Biology 211 Anatomy & Physiology I
... b) The foramen through which each cranial nerve passes c) The primary functions of each cranial nerve d) The effects of damage to each cranial nerve Example: The abducens nerve (VI) originates from the pons and exits the skull through the superior orbital fissure. It innervates the lateral rectus mu ...
... b) The foramen through which each cranial nerve passes c) The primary functions of each cranial nerve d) The effects of damage to each cranial nerve Example: The abducens nerve (VI) originates from the pons and exits the skull through the superior orbital fissure. It innervates the lateral rectus mu ...
The Action Potential
... Nerve cells possess properties similar to other cells in many aspects: they feed, breed, undergo processes of diffusion and osmosis in their membranes andso on, but they differ in a major aspect: they process information. The ability of nerve cells to process information relies upon the special prop ...
... Nerve cells possess properties similar to other cells in many aspects: they feed, breed, undergo processes of diffusion and osmosis in their membranes andso on, but they differ in a major aspect: they process information. The ability of nerve cells to process information relies upon the special prop ...
Tutorial 5: Sodium and Potassium Gradients at Rest
... potassium chloride. This research has identified the electrochemical conditions existing while a neurons is inactive or at rest. This resting membrane potential of -70 millivolts (mV) is due to the difference in electrical charge found on the inside of the cell versus the outside of the cell, and is ...
... potassium chloride. This research has identified the electrochemical conditions existing while a neurons is inactive or at rest. This resting membrane potential of -70 millivolts (mV) is due to the difference in electrical charge found on the inside of the cell versus the outside of the cell, and is ...
CHAPTER 46 NEURONS AND NERVOUS SYSTEM
... 4. The sodium-potassium (Na+-K+) pump is an active transport system that moves Na+ ions out and K+ ions into axon. 5. The pump is always working because the membrane is permeable to these ions and they tend to diffuse toward the lesser concentration. 6. Since the plasma membrane is more permeable to ...
... 4. The sodium-potassium (Na+-K+) pump is an active transport system that moves Na+ ions out and K+ ions into axon. 5. The pump is always working because the membrane is permeable to these ions and they tend to diffuse toward the lesser concentration. 6. Since the plasma membrane is more permeable to ...
Chapter 48 and 49 Name_______________________________
... 9. What change in the permeability of the cell’s membrane to K+ and/or Na+ could cause the cell’s membrane potential to shift from -70mV to -90mV? The opening of ion channels in the plasma membrane converts chemical potential to electrical potential A neuron at resting potential contains many open K ...
... 9. What change in the permeability of the cell’s membrane to K+ and/or Na+ could cause the cell’s membrane potential to shift from -70mV to -90mV? The opening of ion channels in the plasma membrane converts chemical potential to electrical potential A neuron at resting potential contains many open K ...
functional nervous system power point
... – Sodium-potassium pump • Active transport mechanism in plasma membrane that transports sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) ions in opposite directions and at different rates • Maintains an imbalance in the distribution of positive ions, resulting in the inside surface becoming slightly negative compare ...
... – Sodium-potassium pump • Active transport mechanism in plasma membrane that transports sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) ions in opposite directions and at different rates • Maintains an imbalance in the distribution of positive ions, resulting in the inside surface becoming slightly negative compare ...
Chapter 48 Presentation
... that is permeable to a single type of ion. All you need to know is the ion concentration inside and outside of the membrane. A minus sign indicates the inside is more negative than the outside. travismulthaupt.com ...
... that is permeable to a single type of ion. All you need to know is the ion concentration inside and outside of the membrane. A minus sign indicates the inside is more negative than the outside. travismulthaupt.com ...
The Nervous System
... Multipolar: all motor neurons Bipolar: two processes, an axon and a dendrite (long in both directions) Unipolar: single process that is very short and divided into proximal and distal fibers (PNS ganglia neurons) See page 202 for a picture…ADD to notes ...
... Multipolar: all motor neurons Bipolar: two processes, an axon and a dendrite (long in both directions) Unipolar: single process that is very short and divided into proximal and distal fibers (PNS ganglia neurons) See page 202 for a picture…ADD to notes ...
Biology 2401 Anatomy and Physiology I notes
... - the Na+ channels open and close very quickly and the K+ channels open more slowly, allowing more K+ to move out, quickly rebuilding charge - the refractory period is the time required to rebuild the resting potential so that the action potential can occur again; the cell cannot be stimulated; in n ...
... - the Na+ channels open and close very quickly and the K+ channels open more slowly, allowing more K+ to move out, quickly rebuilding charge - the refractory period is the time required to rebuild the resting potential so that the action potential can occur again; the cell cannot be stimulated; in n ...
Histology of Nervous Tissue
... • Na+ and C- outside, K+ inside • Permeability of K+ 50-100 > than Na+ (leakage channels) – K+ equilibrium potential (-90 mV) has greatest influence over resting potential • Membrane permeability greater for K+ than Na+ or Cl– Na/K electrogenic pump moves ions in 3:2 ratio – Anions (Cl-) have little ...
... • Na+ and C- outside, K+ inside • Permeability of K+ 50-100 > than Na+ (leakage channels) – K+ equilibrium potential (-90 mV) has greatest influence over resting potential • Membrane permeability greater for K+ than Na+ or Cl– Na/K electrogenic pump moves ions in 3:2 ratio – Anions (Cl-) have little ...
Overview of Peripheral Neuropathy
... If you are B12 deficient taking B12 helps No proof that vitamins in general help/or hurt neuropathy except B6 (pyridoxime) can cause neuropathy, don’t take more than 200mg per day Vitamin D is getting some press recently, doesn’t hurt to take more ...
... If you are B12 deficient taking B12 helps No proof that vitamins in general help/or hurt neuropathy except B6 (pyridoxime) can cause neuropathy, don’t take more than 200mg per day Vitamin D is getting some press recently, doesn’t hurt to take more ...
three basic functions of the nervous system
... •Excitability – neurons respond to stimulation •Conductivity – electrical changes can travel through a neuron ...
... •Excitability – neurons respond to stimulation •Conductivity – electrical changes can travel through a neuron ...
Nervous Tissue
... Mitochondria are present in the body & processes of nerve cell. Cell inclusion of the nerve cells: Glycogen granules are important for the function of the nerve cell. Melanin pigments may be present in some nerve cells. Yellowish lipofuscin granules are present & increase in old age. Dr.Mohammed Sha ...
... Mitochondria are present in the body & processes of nerve cell. Cell inclusion of the nerve cells: Glycogen granules are important for the function of the nerve cell. Melanin pigments may be present in some nerve cells. Yellowish lipofuscin granules are present & increase in old age. Dr.Mohammed Sha ...
UNIT 2: Internal geological agents
... the synaptic gap. Teses subtances will get to the following neuron dendrites provoking a new electrical signal which will travel on its surface. ...
... the synaptic gap. Teses subtances will get to the following neuron dendrites provoking a new electrical signal which will travel on its surface. ...
chapter29_Sections 6
... • Myelin sheaths formed by neuroglial cells (Schwann cells) wrap around axons of most peripheral nerves • myelin • Insulating material that wraps most axons and increases the speed of signal transmission ...
... • Myelin sheaths formed by neuroglial cells (Schwann cells) wrap around axons of most peripheral nerves • myelin • Insulating material that wraps most axons and increases the speed of signal transmission ...
Rheobase
Rheobase is a measure of membrane excitability. In neuroscience, rheobase is the minimal current amplitude of infinite duration (in a practical sense, about 300 milliseconds) that results in the depolarization threshold of the cell membranes being reached, such as an action potential or the contraction of a muscle. In Greek, the root ""rhe"" translates to current or flow, and ""basi"" means bottom or foundation: thus the rheobase is the minimum current that will produce an action potential or muscle contraction.Rheobase can be best understood in the context of the strength-duration relationship (Fig. 1). The ease with which a membrane can be stimulated depends on two variables: the strength of the stimulus, and the duration for which the stimulus is applied. These variables are inversely related: as the strength of the applied current increases, the time required to stimulate the membrane decreases (and vice versa) to maintain a constant effect. Mathematically, rheobase is equivalent to half the current that needs to be applied for the duration of chronaxie, which is a strength-duration time constant that corresponds to the duration of time that elicits a response when the nerve is stimulated at twice rheobasic strength.The strength-duration curve was first discovered by G. Weiss in 1901, but it was not until 1909 that Louis Lapicque coined the term ""rheobase"". Many studies are being conducted in relation to rheobase values and the dynamic changes throughout maturation and between different nerve fibers. In the past strength-duration curves and rheobase determinations were used to assess nerve injury; today, they play a role in clinical identification of many neurological pathologies, including as Diabetic neuropathy, CIDP, Machado-Joseph Disease, and ALS.