(Title 17, United States Code) governs the maki
... surveillance by the dominant blue males (Sinervo & Lively 1996; Sinervo et al. 2000b, 2006b; Zamudio & Sinervo 2000). The side-blotched lizard system lends itself nicely to testing how holding a territory or not having this demand, might affect the hippocampus, the area of the brain responsible for ...
... surveillance by the dominant blue males (Sinervo & Lively 1996; Sinervo et al. 2000b, 2006b; Zamudio & Sinervo 2000). The side-blotched lizard system lends itself nicely to testing how holding a territory or not having this demand, might affect the hippocampus, the area of the brain responsible for ...
The neuroprotective effects of milk fat globule
... progression [6]. This suggests that MFG-E8 acts as a suppressor of the peripheral immune system and that MFG-E8 may be a therapeutic target for immune-mediated bowel diseases [7,8]. Microglia are resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). In neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD and ...
... progression [6]. This suggests that MFG-E8 acts as a suppressor of the peripheral immune system and that MFG-E8 may be a therapeutic target for immune-mediated bowel diseases [7,8]. Microglia are resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). In neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD and ...
Topographical organization of the pedunculopontine nucleus
... pars dissipata (rostral) and pars compacta (caudal) on the basis of the density of cholinergic neurons (Olszewski and Baxter, 1982), which were believed to be the most representative, if not the only, neuronal type in the PPN (Rye et al., 1987). Other subdivisions included rostral, middle, and cauda ...
... pars dissipata (rostral) and pars compacta (caudal) on the basis of the density of cholinergic neurons (Olszewski and Baxter, 1982), which were believed to be the most representative, if not the only, neuronal type in the PPN (Rye et al., 1987). Other subdivisions included rostral, middle, and cauda ...
Regional Differentiation of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex in
... to be transported by axons of passage to provide maximal labeling of PVH pre-autonomic cell groups projecting to both dorsal vagal complex and preganglionic neurons in spinal cord – Fast blue fluid in T1-T2 level of spinal cord ...
... to be transported by axons of passage to provide maximal labeling of PVH pre-autonomic cell groups projecting to both dorsal vagal complex and preganglionic neurons in spinal cord – Fast blue fluid in T1-T2 level of spinal cord ...
Network Self-Organization Explains the Statistics and
... strengths in SORN. Fig. 4A shows traces of 6 synaptic connection weights as a function of time. The distribution of life times of newly created synapses is well described by a power law with an exponent close to 23/2 during this phase as expected for random walk behavior (Fig. 4B). We next compared ...
... strengths in SORN. Fig. 4A shows traces of 6 synaptic connection weights as a function of time. The distribution of life times of newly created synapses is well described by a power law with an exponent close to 23/2 during this phase as expected for random walk behavior (Fig. 4B). We next compared ...
The Neural Basis of Human Error Processing: Reinforcement
... committed with the wrong hand, the wrong finger, or both the wrong hand and the wrong finger. It was found that the magnitude of the ERN increased with the degree of error, being largest when the incorrect response was committed with both the wrong hand and the wrong finger (Bernstein, Scheffers, & ...
... committed with the wrong hand, the wrong finger, or both the wrong hand and the wrong finger. It was found that the magnitude of the ERN increased with the degree of error, being largest when the incorrect response was committed with both the wrong hand and the wrong finger (Bernstein, Scheffers, & ...
Efficient Event-Driven Simulation of Large Networks of Spiking
... We have found some attempts in this direction. An event-driven approach, similar in concept to the approach presented here, was first proposed by Watts (1994). It is rather general and flexible but not very suitable for large networks with extensive randomness because a specific “event” is generated ...
... We have found some attempts in this direction. An event-driven approach, similar in concept to the approach presented here, was first proposed by Watts (1994). It is rather general and flexible but not very suitable for large networks with extensive randomness because a specific “event” is generated ...
Dopamine Receptor–Mediated Mechanisms Involved in the
... computer. Responses of TANs were defined as increasing or decreasing discharge rate after LED or solenoid click relative to that before each stimulus if they achieved at a significance level of P õ 0.05 using a two-tailed Wilcoxon test (Kimura 1986). The onset time of a response was defined as the f ...
... computer. Responses of TANs were defined as increasing or decreasing discharge rate after LED or solenoid click relative to that before each stimulus if they achieved at a significance level of P õ 0.05 using a two-tailed Wilcoxon test (Kimura 1986). The onset time of a response was defined as the f ...
Espasticidad,!!nuevos!conceptos!fisiológicos!y!patofisiológicos
... The)axons)of)the)corticospinal)tract)get)together,)forming) the) corona% radiata,) and) descending) through) the) posterior) limb) of) the) internal) capsule) into) the) middle) two0thirds) of) the) cere0 bral) peduncles) of) the) midbrain.) In) this) descent,) the) fibers) remain) somatotopically) ...
... The)axons)of)the)corticospinal)tract)get)together,)forming) the) corona% radiata,) and) descending) through) the) posterior) limb) of) the) internal) capsule) into) the) middle) two0thirds) of) the) cere0 bral) peduncles) of) the) midbrain.) In) this) descent,) the) fibers) remain) somatotopically) ...
Morphometric Studies of the Neuropathological Changes in
... of the pathomorphology of chorea, however, are still unsolved . Studying the literature, one has the impression that descriptive neuropathology based on classical methods has made only minor contributions during the last decades . Most authors (e .g . Bruyn 1968) are of the opinion that in Huntingto ...
... of the pathomorphology of chorea, however, are still unsolved . Studying the literature, one has the impression that descriptive neuropathology based on classical methods has made only minor contributions during the last decades . Most authors (e .g . Bruyn 1968) are of the opinion that in Huntingto ...
Dysregulation of Arousal and Amygdala
... skin conductance responses made it feasible to extract concurrent brain and arousal responses to individual face stimuli. To examine fMRI BOLD responses in relation to skin conductance responses, we first formed two subsets of fear stimuli for each subject, referred to as “with-arousal” and “without ...
... skin conductance responses made it feasible to extract concurrent brain and arousal responses to individual face stimuli. To examine fMRI BOLD responses in relation to skin conductance responses, we first formed two subsets of fear stimuli for each subject, referred to as “with-arousal” and “without ...
Characterisation of the zebrafish cerebellar efferent system
... largely unknown. In this study, the EC population of the zebrafish was identified and characterised using expression analysis in combination with retrograde axon tracing and in vivo time-lapse imaging. In addition, early development of ECs, their differentiation behaviour and their integration into ...
... largely unknown. In this study, the EC population of the zebrafish was identified and characterised using expression analysis in combination with retrograde axon tracing and in vivo time-lapse imaging. In addition, early development of ECs, their differentiation behaviour and their integration into ...
Input-specific control of reward and aversion in the ventral tegmental
... differentially modulate such circuits. Here we show that, because of differences in synaptic connectivity, activation of inputs to the VTA from the laterodorsal tegmentum and the lateral habenula elicit reward and aversion in mice, respectively. Laterodorsal tegmentum neurons preferentially synapse ...
... differentially modulate such circuits. Here we show that, because of differences in synaptic connectivity, activation of inputs to the VTA from the laterodorsal tegmentum and the lateral habenula elicit reward and aversion in mice, respectively. Laterodorsal tegmentum neurons preferentially synapse ...
Rhythmic Spontaneous Activity in the Piriform Cortex
... line, such that up to 8 measurements were done, and the rate of propagation between different layers measured. To analyze the time structure of the multiunit extracellular recordings, the signal was digitized into ‘‘events’’: upward swings of the multiunit recording (120 s acquired at 10 KHz) that c ...
... line, such that up to 8 measurements were done, and the rate of propagation between different layers measured. To analyze the time structure of the multiunit extracellular recordings, the signal was digitized into ‘‘events’’: upward swings of the multiunit recording (120 s acquired at 10 KHz) that c ...
Olfaction and the Chemical Senses
... chemical environment. The same skill can be used by a mother and her calf to recognize each other (Kallquist and Mossing, 1982) and for many other purposes. More importantly, the olfactory system is able to perform such recognition both innately (see Chapter 3; Simpson and White, 1990; Tabuchi et al ...
... chemical environment. The same skill can be used by a mother and her calf to recognize each other (Kallquist and Mossing, 1982) and for many other purposes. More importantly, the olfactory system is able to perform such recognition both innately (see Chapter 3; Simpson and White, 1990; Tabuchi et al ...
The medial geniculate, not the amygdala, as the root of auditory fear
... exact; authors sometimes use “LA” rather than “AL” to refer to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala.] 3.3. Experimental support for the AMYG model The AMYG model has been presented in numerous reviews (e.g., Fanselow and LeDoux, 1999; LeDoux, 1990, 1992, 1993a, 1994, 1995, 2000; LeDoux and Muller, 19 ...
... exact; authors sometimes use “LA” rather than “AL” to refer to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala.] 3.3. Experimental support for the AMYG model The AMYG model has been presented in numerous reviews (e.g., Fanselow and LeDoux, 1999; LeDoux, 1990, 1992, 1993a, 1994, 1995, 2000; LeDoux and Muller, 19 ...
Visually induced and spontaneous behavior in the zebrafish
... spontaneously generated tail movements. The latter switched between period of quasirhythmic activity and long episodes of rest. Moreover, consecutive movements were more similar when executed at short time intervals (∼ 10s). In order to study how spontaneous decisions emerge, I coupled SPIM to tail ...
... spontaneously generated tail movements. The latter switched between period of quasirhythmic activity and long episodes of rest. Moreover, consecutive movements were more similar when executed at short time intervals (∼ 10s). In order to study how spontaneous decisions emerge, I coupled SPIM to tail ...
A Functional Role for Intra-Axonal Protein Synthesis during Axonal
... Skene, 1991), mouse anti-neurofilament (N F) (1:1000; Zymed, San Francisco, CA), rabbit anti-N F (1:200; Chemicon, Temecula, CA), rabbit anti-S100 (1:1000; Sigma), and mouse anti-tubulin (T ub) III (1:400; Chemicon). Cultures were rinsed in PBS and incubated for 1 hr in secondary antibodies diluted ...
... Skene, 1991), mouse anti-neurofilament (N F) (1:1000; Zymed, San Francisco, CA), rabbit anti-N F (1:200; Chemicon, Temecula, CA), rabbit anti-S100 (1:1000; Sigma), and mouse anti-tubulin (T ub) III (1:400; Chemicon). Cultures were rinsed in PBS and incubated for 1 hr in secondary antibodies diluted ...
Complex Motion Perception and its Deficits
... when it does cross the observer's path and obscures the focus of expansion, there is a consistent bias in the direction away from the object's focus of expansion . This suggests that the visual system relies on a visible focus of expansion to make accurate heading judgments [60, 49]. Royden and Hild ...
... when it does cross the observer's path and obscures the focus of expansion, there is a consistent bias in the direction away from the object's focus of expansion . This suggests that the visual system relies on a visible focus of expansion to make accurate heading judgments [60, 49]. Royden and Hild ...
Copyright 1984 by Desav, Paul Henri All Rights Reserved
... most primitive mammal. The cortex consists of one main cell layer, like the mammalian hippocampus. If there are only a few types of neurons, perhaps the nature of all the synaptic connections can be determined to give a complete picture of the interactions required for a functional cortex. Second, t ...
... most primitive mammal. The cortex consists of one main cell layer, like the mammalian hippocampus. If there are only a few types of neurons, perhaps the nature of all the synaptic connections can be determined to give a complete picture of the interactions required for a functional cortex. Second, t ...
Neurodevelopmental mechanisms of schizophrenia: understanding
... studies have revealed that both NRG1 and DISC1 are multifunctional in nature, with key roles during neurodevelopment [12–14]. Therefore, systematic studies of these factors from the time of the initial risks in early development to disease onset after puberty is likely to open a window on a mechanis ...
... studies have revealed that both NRG1 and DISC1 are multifunctional in nature, with key roles during neurodevelopment [12–14]. Therefore, systematic studies of these factors from the time of the initial risks in early development to disease onset after puberty is likely to open a window on a mechanis ...
Cochlear Implant 1
... Hair cells damage might cause by diseases (e.g meningitis, Meniere’s). If large number of hair cells or auditory neurons throughout the cochlea are damaged, then the person with such a loss is diagnosed as profoundly deaf. There is research which shows that the most common cause of deafness is the l ...
... Hair cells damage might cause by diseases (e.g meningitis, Meniere’s). If large number of hair cells or auditory neurons throughout the cochlea are damaged, then the person with such a loss is diagnosed as profoundly deaf. There is research which shows that the most common cause of deafness is the l ...
midbrain Brain stem
... The main thalamic nuclei. (The reticular nuclei that “cap” the thalamus laterally are depicted as curving translucent structures.) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... The main thalamic nuclei. (The reticular nuclei that “cap” the thalamus laterally are depicted as curving translucent structures.) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
High-frequency stimulation in Parkinson`s disease: more
... STN activity once HFS is stopped, and by the fact that HFS-driven activity might need less energy than pathological activity. Finally, the analysis of SN responses to STN-HFS cannot provide direct information about the effect of HFS on STN neurons, owing to the complexity of the intranigral network. ...
... STN activity once HFS is stopped, and by the fact that HFS-driven activity might need less energy than pathological activity. Finally, the analysis of SN responses to STN-HFS cannot provide direct information about the effect of HFS on STN neurons, owing to the complexity of the intranigral network. ...
Common Input to Motor Neurons Innervating the Same and Different
... cusum, was on average 9.9 ⫾ 2.6 ms for those cross-correlograms that had a significant peak. The average CIS for all pairs of ED motor units (including those with nonsignificant peaks) was 0.57 ⫾ 0.31. The mean CIS values for motor-unit pairs recorded both within and across compartments are shown in ...
... cusum, was on average 9.9 ⫾ 2.6 ms for those cross-correlograms that had a significant peak. The average CIS for all pairs of ED motor units (including those with nonsignificant peaks) was 0.57 ⫾ 0.31. The mean CIS values for motor-unit pairs recorded both within and across compartments are shown in ...