The Transformation of a Unilateral Locomotor Command into a
... less steel wires (50 m diameter; California Fine Wire Company) were inserted into the myotomes between segments 20 and 25 (Fig. 1). The EMG signals were amplified (10,000⫻), filtered (bandwidth, 30 Hz-1 kHz) and acquired at a sampling rate of 5 kHz. The EMGs were recorded on one side only not to im ...
... less steel wires (50 m diameter; California Fine Wire Company) were inserted into the myotomes between segments 20 and 25 (Fig. 1). The EMG signals were amplified (10,000⫻), filtered (bandwidth, 30 Hz-1 kHz) and acquired at a sampling rate of 5 kHz. The EMGs were recorded on one side only not to im ...
Full Text
... (Fig. 1D). These observations indicated that both earlyborn and late-born neurons were almost evenly affected by Rapgef2/6-dKO, whereas late-born neurons were predominantly affected by Rapgef2-cKO. The present results obtained with Rapgef2-cKO mice were indistinguishable from those with Rapgef2-cKO ...
... (Fig. 1D). These observations indicated that both earlyborn and late-born neurons were almost evenly affected by Rapgef2/6-dKO, whereas late-born neurons were predominantly affected by Rapgef2-cKO. The present results obtained with Rapgef2-cKO mice were indistinguishable from those with Rapgef2-cKO ...
Neurotransmission Notes
... When an action potential (AP) reaches the synaptic terminal, the neuron releases chemicals call neurotransmitters (NT’s), into the synapse. They diffuse across and bind to receptors on the post-synaptic neuron, stimulating the dendrite (and maybe causing an action potential if it hits threshold). Th ...
... When an action potential (AP) reaches the synaptic terminal, the neuron releases chemicals call neurotransmitters (NT’s), into the synapse. They diffuse across and bind to receptors on the post-synaptic neuron, stimulating the dendrite (and maybe causing an action potential if it hits threshold). Th ...
Dopamine – CNS Pathways and Neurophysiology
... The firing rates of DA neurons fall into a fairly limited range, usually 2–8 Hz, which consequently might limit the flexibility of DA neurons to release differential amounts of DA in terminal regions. However, this is overcome by a change in firing pattern from singlespike firing to burst firing. Bu ...
... The firing rates of DA neurons fall into a fairly limited range, usually 2–8 Hz, which consequently might limit the flexibility of DA neurons to release differential amounts of DA in terminal regions. However, this is overcome by a change in firing pattern from singlespike firing to burst firing. Bu ...
A.L. Wafa`a sameer 2014 Nervous System/ Physiology Nervous system
... The ANS ( in association with the endocrine system ) is primarily responsible for maintaining a nearly constant internal environment of the body , regardless of the changes that take place in the external environment . This is done by regulation of the activities of smooth muscle , cardiac m. & cert ...
... The ANS ( in association with the endocrine system ) is primarily responsible for maintaining a nearly constant internal environment of the body , regardless of the changes that take place in the external environment . This is done by regulation of the activities of smooth muscle , cardiac m. & cert ...
Plasticity of Sensory and Motor Maps in Adult Mammals
... mapsat three levels of cortical processing in the somatosensorycortex, and for changes that cannot be easily attributed to the relay of subcortical reorganizations. To date, the bulk of the evidence for plasticity in maps stems from experiments in the somatosensory system. Thus, "Are other sensory a ...
... mapsat three levels of cortical processing in the somatosensorycortex, and for changes that cannot be easily attributed to the relay of subcortical reorganizations. To date, the bulk of the evidence for plasticity in maps stems from experiments in the somatosensory system. Thus, "Are other sensory a ...
embryonic development of the leech nervous system
... whole nerve cord. The medial muscle cells are positioned along the ventral midline as early as stage 9(0/4) when there are only ganglionic primordia. The lateral muscle cells appear to migrate from the mesodermal tissue block to a position on either side of the medial muscle cells by stage 9(1/4) (F ...
... whole nerve cord. The medial muscle cells are positioned along the ventral midline as early as stage 9(0/4) when there are only ganglionic primordia. The lateral muscle cells appear to migrate from the mesodermal tissue block to a position on either side of the medial muscle cells by stage 9(1/4) (F ...
Probing scale interaction in brain dynamics through synchronization
... modelled by dividing the brain into discrete volume elements, or voxels, and coupling them according to statistical correlations and structural information [19–21]. Both the Human Brain Project and the Brain Activity Map project propose integrated views to bridge the gap between the behaviour of sin ...
... modelled by dividing the brain into discrete volume elements, or voxels, and coupling them according to statistical correlations and structural information [19–21]. Both the Human Brain Project and the Brain Activity Map project propose integrated views to bridge the gap between the behaviour of sin ...
Environmental Sensing and the Cellular Response
... exploratory behavior by quantifying the leech’s behavior and the electrical activity underlying it. His team used superglue to attach tiny red, green, and blue beads to the rostral, mid-body, and caudal positions on the upper surface of the animals. A computerized visual analysis system tracked t ...
... exploratory behavior by quantifying the leech’s behavior and the electrical activity underlying it. His team used superglue to attach tiny red, green, and blue beads to the rostral, mid-body, and caudal positions on the upper surface of the animals. A computerized visual analysis system tracked t ...
Mitotic Spindle Regulation by Nde1 Controls Cerebral
... weeks, which shows that the Nde1⫺/⫺ brain is significantly lighter than the wild-type and Nde1⫹/⫺ brains in total wet weight (p ⬍ 0.0001, by ANOVA F test). In contrast, no significant difference in body weight was detected between the Nde1⫺/⫺ mutants and their wild-type and heterozygous counterparts ...
... weeks, which shows that the Nde1⫺/⫺ brain is significantly lighter than the wild-type and Nde1⫹/⫺ brains in total wet weight (p ⬍ 0.0001, by ANOVA F test). In contrast, no significant difference in body weight was detected between the Nde1⫺/⫺ mutants and their wild-type and heterozygous counterparts ...
Temporal Firing Patterns of Purkinje Cells in the Cerebellar Ventral
... Although a forward model has been used to analyze the instantaneous firing frequency associated with some movements in previous studies (Berthier et al. 1991; Krauzlis and Lisberger 1994), it suffers from the fundamental difficulty that the movement cannot be predicted from only one brain region’s a ...
... Although a forward model has been used to analyze the instantaneous firing frequency associated with some movements in previous studies (Berthier et al. 1991; Krauzlis and Lisberger 1994), it suffers from the fundamental difficulty that the movement cannot be predicted from only one brain region’s a ...
THE POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE VISUAL CORTEX AND THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENT
... cat visual cortex, David Hubel and I decided to investigate how the highly specific response properties of cortical cells emerged during postnatal development. We were also interested in examining the role of visual experience in normal development, a question raised and discussed by philosophers si ...
... cat visual cortex, David Hubel and I decided to investigate how the highly specific response properties of cortical cells emerged during postnatal development. We were also interested in examining the role of visual experience in normal development, a question raised and discussed by philosophers si ...
Projections From the Ventral Cochlear Nucleus to the Dorsal
... Local circuit interactions between the dorsal and ventral divisions of the cochlear nucleus are known to influence the evoked responses of the resident neurons to sound. In the present study, we examined the projections of neurons in the ventral cochlear nucleus to the dorsal cochlear nucleus by usi ...
... Local circuit interactions between the dorsal and ventral divisions of the cochlear nucleus are known to influence the evoked responses of the resident neurons to sound. In the present study, we examined the projections of neurons in the ventral cochlear nucleus to the dorsal cochlear nucleus by usi ...
PELCH02
... Terminal Branches of axon: Branched endings of an axon that transmit messages to other neurons. ...
... Terminal Branches of axon: Branched endings of an axon that transmit messages to other neurons. ...
Mirror neurons or emulator neurons?
... provides input to the motor loop (Fig. 1b) and enables action predictions. It is worth noting that mirror neurons do not passively reflect observed actions but seem to anticipate them (Gallese et al., 1996). 'Grasping mirror neurons', for example, start to discharge hundreds of milliseconds before t ...
... provides input to the motor loop (Fig. 1b) and enables action predictions. It is worth noting that mirror neurons do not passively reflect observed actions but seem to anticipate them (Gallese et al., 1996). 'Grasping mirror neurons', for example, start to discharge hundreds of milliseconds before t ...
3 state neurons for contextual processing
... their role in shaping network dynamics has been extensively studied. The NMDA type receptors are slow ((TNMDA '" 150ms) and have been mostly investigated for their critical role in the induction of long term potentiation, which is thought to be the mechanism for storing long term memories. Crucial t ...
... their role in shaping network dynamics has been extensively studied. The NMDA type receptors are slow ((TNMDA '" 150ms) and have been mostly investigated for their critical role in the induction of long term potentiation, which is thought to be the mechanism for storing long term memories. Crucial t ...
The avian `prefrontal cortex` and cognition - Ruhr-Universität
... identical to PFC, the avian NCL is a convergence zone between the ascending sensory and the descending motor systems. In addition, the NCL and PFC resemble each other in terms of their connections with the amygdala, the accumbens, visceral structures [19,20] and diverse chemically defined afferent s ...
... identical to PFC, the avian NCL is a convergence zone between the ascending sensory and the descending motor systems. In addition, the NCL and PFC resemble each other in terms of their connections with the amygdala, the accumbens, visceral structures [19,20] and diverse chemically defined afferent s ...
neurology_lec13_9_5_2011 - Post-it
... ** binuclear vision …> by 2 eyes *** what you see by your right eye goes to your left side of cortex and via verse . Images at the cortex are inverted .. how it’s modified ?? … it’s still not well understood mechanism . The pupillary light reflex is a reflex that controls the diameter of the pupil, ...
... ** binuclear vision …> by 2 eyes *** what you see by your right eye goes to your left side of cortex and via verse . Images at the cortex are inverted .. how it’s modified ?? … it’s still not well understood mechanism . The pupillary light reflex is a reflex that controls the diameter of the pupil, ...
The Pathogenesis of Fever
... — Trough at dawn, peak in evening — Elderly have temperature 0.5°C lower ...
... — Trough at dawn, peak in evening — Elderly have temperature 0.5°C lower ...
Hebbian modification of a hippocampal population
... those segments in which the power deviated from that of the baseline noise by more than five standard deviations. Extracellular spikes were clustered as described earlier (Csicsvari et al. 1998), based on analysis of the first three principal components of the waveforms. Because the identity of the ...
... those segments in which the power deviated from that of the baseline noise by more than five standard deviations. Extracellular spikes were clustered as described earlier (Csicsvari et al. 1998), based on analysis of the first three principal components of the waveforms. Because the identity of the ...
Torsten Wiesel - Biology Courses Server
... Having observed these dramatic effects of monocular suture early in an animal’s life, we wanted to determine if there was a period over which the cortex retained its plasticity. Our experiments in adult cats and monkey6,15 showed that long periods of monocular lid suture did not result in the sort o ...
... Having observed these dramatic effects of monocular suture early in an animal’s life, we wanted to determine if there was a period over which the cortex retained its plasticity. Our experiments in adult cats and monkey6,15 showed that long periods of monocular lid suture did not result in the sort o ...
Central Nervous System
... 7) When opened, the ligand-gated cation channels do not allow diffusion of Clbecause :a- the size of Cl- is bigger than the bore of the channels b- intracellular negativity causes complete inhibition of Cl- influx c- the channels are specific for diffusion of Na + only d- the inner surface of the ch ...
... 7) When opened, the ligand-gated cation channels do not allow diffusion of Clbecause :a- the size of Cl- is bigger than the bore of the channels b- intracellular negativity causes complete inhibition of Cl- influx c- the channels are specific for diffusion of Na + only d- the inner surface of the ch ...
Impaired Cl Extrusion in Layer V Pyramidal Neurons of Chronically
... were easily seen in slices under a low power objective. Undercutting lesions were present in white matter closely adjacent to layer VI and a small area of cavitation was often associated with the undercut. Layer V pyramidal neurons were visually identified based on their location, large pyramidal-sh ...
... were easily seen in slices under a low power objective. Undercutting lesions were present in white matter closely adjacent to layer VI and a small area of cavitation was often associated with the undercut. Layer V pyramidal neurons were visually identified based on their location, large pyramidal-sh ...
Core Lab #1 - Reflex Responses
... where it synapses with an interneuron (3). The interneuron synapses with a motor neuron (4), which carries the nerve impulse out to an effector, such as a muscle (5), which responds by contracting. A reflex can prevent damage to tissues and allows the body to conduct tasks, such as walking, without ...
... where it synapses with an interneuron (3). The interneuron synapses with a motor neuron (4), which carries the nerve impulse out to an effector, such as a muscle (5), which responds by contracting. A reflex can prevent damage to tissues and allows the body to conduct tasks, such as walking, without ...