Reinforcement, and Punishment Striatal Mechanisms Underlying
... front of him to prevent him from falling (144, 145). Other findings from the same period differed from these, however, reporting little effect or decreases in movement following striatal lesions (42, 68, 90, 127, 196). The likely explanation for these discrepancies rests in differences in size or lo ...
... front of him to prevent him from falling (144, 145). Other findings from the same period differed from these, however, reporting little effect or decreases in movement following striatal lesions (42, 68, 90, 127, 196). The likely explanation for these discrepancies rests in differences in size or lo ...
"Visual System Development in Vertebrates". In: Encyclopedia of
... environment guide the retinal axon along specific pathways in the brain. Gradients of signalling molecules, together with spontaneous neural activity, drive a pointto-point mapping of retinal axons in visual targets, ensuring accurate reconstruction of the visual image. The cellular, molecular and i ...
... environment guide the retinal axon along specific pathways in the brain. Gradients of signalling molecules, together with spontaneous neural activity, drive a pointto-point mapping of retinal axons in visual targets, ensuring accurate reconstruction of the visual image. The cellular, molecular and i ...
Regulation of neuronal survival and death by extracellular signals
... establishing connections with other neurons and/or non-neural tissues. This phase of cell death makes appropriate adjustments to the relative sizes of interconnected groups of neurons and matches the size of neuronal populations that innervate non-neural tissues to the optimal requirements of these ...
... establishing connections with other neurons and/or non-neural tissues. This phase of cell death makes appropriate adjustments to the relative sizes of interconnected groups of neurons and matches the size of neuronal populations that innervate non-neural tissues to the optimal requirements of these ...
PDF 2
... This scheme provided a mechanism by which movement initiation could originate from diverse functional cortical areas. More recent neurophysiological and anatomical studies have suggested, however, that input to the basal ganglia from different cortical areas terminates within specific basal ganglia ...
... This scheme provided a mechanism by which movement initiation could originate from diverse functional cortical areas. More recent neurophysiological and anatomical studies have suggested, however, that input to the basal ganglia from different cortical areas terminates within specific basal ganglia ...
Fine-scale specificity of cortical networks depends on inhibitory cell
... subsets of the other areas1. And within each area, specific connections create and respect laminar and columnar functional architecture2–8. Within any one of these laminar or columnar modules there are numerous inhibitory and excitatory neuron types whose dendritic and axonal arbors are intimately e ...
... subsets of the other areas1. And within each area, specific connections create and respect laminar and columnar functional architecture2–8. Within any one of these laminar or columnar modules there are numerous inhibitory and excitatory neuron types whose dendritic and axonal arbors are intimately e ...
Swallowing reflex and brain stem neurons activated by superior
... sections are shown from different animals processed for c-fos and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)immunohistochemical staining. c-fos expression is identified as nuclear staining and nNOS as cytoplasmic staining in neurons. A–C: sections from rostral part of the Sol showing that c-fos-reactive ...
... sections are shown from different animals processed for c-fos and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)immunohistochemical staining. c-fos expression is identified as nuclear staining and nNOS as cytoplasmic staining in neurons. A–C: sections from rostral part of the Sol showing that c-fos-reactive ...
The spinal trigeminal nucleus — considerations on the
... The caudal part (nucleus caudalis) of the spinal trigeminal nucleus is considered to be the site of the second order neurons of the nociceptive pathways of the face. Recent studies have supported the co-participation in these circuits of the oral part of the same nucleus (nucleus oralis). The aims o ...
... The caudal part (nucleus caudalis) of the spinal trigeminal nucleus is considered to be the site of the second order neurons of the nociceptive pathways of the face. Recent studies have supported the co-participation in these circuits of the oral part of the same nucleus (nucleus oralis). The aims o ...
The mirror neuron system and the consequences of its
... The human MNS (and imitation) Research done on humans by means of fMRI shows that… - the MNS interacts with motor preparation areas and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during imitative learning - there are two functionally divided sectors in the frontal component of the human MNS, of which only ...
... The human MNS (and imitation) Research done on humans by means of fMRI shows that… - the MNS interacts with motor preparation areas and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during imitative learning - there are two functionally divided sectors in the frontal component of the human MNS, of which only ...
Mechanism of Irregular Firing of Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Neurons
... The mechanisms of irregular firing of spontaneous action potentials in neurons from the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) were studied in hypothalamic slices using cell-attached and whole cell recording. The firing pattern of spontaneous action potentials could be divided into regular and irregular, ...
... The mechanisms of irregular firing of spontaneous action potentials in neurons from the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) were studied in hypothalamic slices using cell-attached and whole cell recording. The firing pattern of spontaneous action potentials could be divided into regular and irregular, ...
Brain Day Volunteer Instructor Guide
... An object produces sound when it vibrates in matter. Matter is a solid, such as dirt; a liquid, such as water; or a gas, such as air. Most of the time we hear sounds traveling through the air. The ear is divided into three parts: outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear. The outer ear (pinna) collects s ...
... An object produces sound when it vibrates in matter. Matter is a solid, such as dirt; a liquid, such as water; or a gas, such as air. Most of the time we hear sounds traveling through the air. The ear is divided into three parts: outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear. The outer ear (pinna) collects s ...
chapt12_lecturenew
... – in fetus, guide migrating neurons to their destination – if mature neuron is not in synaptic contact with another neuron is covered by glial cells • prevents neurons from touching each other • gives precision to conduction pathways ...
... – in fetus, guide migrating neurons to their destination – if mature neuron is not in synaptic contact with another neuron is covered by glial cells • prevents neurons from touching each other • gives precision to conduction pathways ...
Visual Adaptation: Physiology, Mechanisms, and Functional Benefits
... restricted subregion of an MT receptive field (RF; Fig. 2B). Intracellular recordings have shown that changes in V1 contrast sensitivity involve postsynaptic hyperpolarization (discussed in more detail in the following text), so a direct effect of adaptation on MT cells would reduce the response evo ...
... restricted subregion of an MT receptive field (RF; Fig. 2B). Intracellular recordings have shown that changes in V1 contrast sensitivity involve postsynaptic hyperpolarization (discussed in more detail in the following text), so a direct effect of adaptation on MT cells would reduce the response evo ...
Neural and Voluntary Control of Breathing
... Neural Control of Breathing • This topic is still “unsettled” science // exact mechanism for setting the rhythm of respiration remains unknown • Currently, we understand there are three neural circuits (nuclei) within the brain stem which influence breathing – Dorsal respiratory group – Ventral res ...
... Neural Control of Breathing • This topic is still “unsettled” science // exact mechanism for setting the rhythm of respiration remains unknown • Currently, we understand there are three neural circuits (nuclei) within the brain stem which influence breathing – Dorsal respiratory group – Ventral res ...
Chapter 28 Nervous Systems
... 28.1 Nervous systems receive sensory input, interpret it, and send out appropriate commands The nervous system – obtains sensory information, sensory input, – processes sensory information, integration, and – sends commands to effector cells (muscles) that carry out appropriate responses, motor o ...
... 28.1 Nervous systems receive sensory input, interpret it, and send out appropriate commands The nervous system – obtains sensory information, sensory input, – processes sensory information, integration, and – sends commands to effector cells (muscles) that carry out appropriate responses, motor o ...
Neuromodulation of in Layer II Medial Entorhinal Cortex I
... (Ih )]. Recent work using in vivo recordings from awake behaving rodents demonstrate that Ih plays a significant role in regulating the characteristic spatial periodicity of “grid cells” in mEC. A separate, yet related, line of research demonstrates that grid field spacing changes as a function of b ...
... (Ih )]. Recent work using in vivo recordings from awake behaving rodents demonstrate that Ih plays a significant role in regulating the characteristic spatial periodicity of “grid cells” in mEC. A separate, yet related, line of research demonstrates that grid field spacing changes as a function of b ...
The Thalamus
... transmitters used by thalamic cells and the interactions of these transmitters with a wide range of receptor types and subtypes which not only govern the responses of thalamic cells to external and internally generated stimuli but also modulate their activities during changes in conscious state. In ...
... transmitters used by thalamic cells and the interactions of these transmitters with a wide range of receptor types and subtypes which not only govern the responses of thalamic cells to external and internally generated stimuli but also modulate their activities during changes in conscious state. In ...
Full-Text PDF
... many different in vitro applications, using 64 electrode channels. In a parallel respect, Franke and colleagues [6] used a high-density (HD) electrode array to perform real-time spike sorting for closed-loop experiments that study neural plasticity. These studies exploited the existing electrode arr ...
... many different in vitro applications, using 64 electrode channels. In a parallel respect, Franke and colleagues [6] used a high-density (HD) electrode array to perform real-time spike sorting for closed-loop experiments that study neural plasticity. These studies exploited the existing electrode arr ...
Sound processing by local neural populations in the
... "Computations in neocortical circuits: What Does the Cortex Do?" (Janelia Farm Conferences, March 2009). Although much is known about different components of the cortex, such as it anatomy, the response properties of single neurons, and their large-scale functional organization, we currently lack a ...
... "Computations in neocortical circuits: What Does the Cortex Do?" (Janelia Farm Conferences, March 2009). Although much is known about different components of the cortex, such as it anatomy, the response properties of single neurons, and their large-scale functional organization, we currently lack a ...
Engineering new synaptic connections in the C. elegans connectome
... change the way they control behavior. C. elegans as a prototype for connectome engineering The long completed C. elegans connectome project and its important contributions might be considered as a pilot for current large-scale successive connectome projects. In a similar vein, the concepts behind th ...
... change the way they control behavior. C. elegans as a prototype for connectome engineering The long completed C. elegans connectome project and its important contributions might be considered as a pilot for current large-scale successive connectome projects. In a similar vein, the concepts behind th ...
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH David A. Prince PRINCE
... Prevention of Neocortical Posttraumatic Epileptogenesis The major goals of these experiments are to identify strategies for prevention of posttraumatic epilepsy in a rat model. We will assess effects of blocking NMDA receptors and enhancing metallothionein I either by direct application or the use o ...
... Prevention of Neocortical Posttraumatic Epileptogenesis The major goals of these experiments are to identify strategies for prevention of posttraumatic epilepsy in a rat model. We will assess effects of blocking NMDA receptors and enhancing metallothionein I either by direct application or the use o ...
Neuronal Competition and Selection During Memory Formation
... process. These studies reveal multiple aspects of this competition by advantaging (CREBWT) and disadvantaging (CREBS133A) subsets of neurons (Fig. 4B). The precise mechanism by which CREB confers a competitive advantage to a neuron is unknown. Neurons infected with a vector expressing constitutively ...
... process. These studies reveal multiple aspects of this competition by advantaging (CREBWT) and disadvantaging (CREBS133A) subsets of neurons (Fig. 4B). The precise mechanism by which CREB confers a competitive advantage to a neuron is unknown. Neurons infected with a vector expressing constitutively ...
Cautionary Observations on Preparing and Interpreting Brain
... blotting filters. Though such a difference appears obvious and is universally understood in principle, it is unfortunately also true that not enough care is taken in practice when preparing and interpreting the brain images. This can lead to misinterpretation of otherwise important findings. In this ...
... blotting filters. Though such a difference appears obvious and is universally understood in principle, it is unfortunately also true that not enough care is taken in practice when preparing and interpreting the brain images. This can lead to misinterpretation of otherwise important findings. In this ...
Reflex Arc - TangHua2012-2013
... neuron. If enough transmitter substance is received, the _____________________ and continue the impulse. A neurotransmitter only has a _____________________ once it has been released into the ____________________. ____________ rapidly break down the transmitter substance to clear the synapse so the ...
... neuron. If enough transmitter substance is received, the _____________________ and continue the impulse. A neurotransmitter only has a _____________________ once it has been released into the ____________________. ____________ rapidly break down the transmitter substance to clear the synapse so the ...
