Unit One: Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General Physiology
... Fig. 56.7 The left side of this figure shows the basic neuronal circuit of the cerebellum, with the excitatory neurons shown in red, and the inhibitory neuron (Purkinje cell) shown in black. ...
... Fig. 56.7 The left side of this figure shows the basic neuronal circuit of the cerebellum, with the excitatory neurons shown in red, and the inhibitory neuron (Purkinje cell) shown in black. ...
1From neuronal activity to scalp potential fields - Assets
... Figure 1.2. Closely folded brain structures only generate “closed fields” which cancel within a few millimeters due to nearby sources with random or opposite orientations. Although some structures like the cerebellum were historically considered to generate only closed fields and no EEG, recent MEG ...
... Figure 1.2. Closely folded brain structures only generate “closed fields” which cancel within a few millimeters due to nearby sources with random or opposite orientations. Although some structures like the cerebellum were historically considered to generate only closed fields and no EEG, recent MEG ...
Cochlea and Auditory Pathways
... Pitch — the brain deciphers pitch by determining which fibers of the cochlear nerve (which hair cells of the spiral organ; what place along the basilar membrane) are maximally active (for > 200 Hz). As the pitch (Hz) of a sound increases, the peak amplitude of basilar membrane displacement regresses ...
... Pitch — the brain deciphers pitch by determining which fibers of the cochlear nerve (which hair cells of the spiral organ; what place along the basilar membrane) are maximally active (for > 200 Hz). As the pitch (Hz) of a sound increases, the peak amplitude of basilar membrane displacement regresses ...
Proprioceptive Information from the Pinna Provides
... supply in the pinna and adjacent tissue. The head was fixed in the recording position, 37° nose down with respect to stereotaxic horizontal, using a headpiece and two ear bars. For the second preparation (intact head), all skin and other tissue on the left side of the head and neck were maintained i ...
... supply in the pinna and adjacent tissue. The head was fixed in the recording position, 37° nose down with respect to stereotaxic horizontal, using a headpiece and two ear bars. For the second preparation (intact head), all skin and other tissue on the left side of the head and neck were maintained i ...
Review Handout
... of alternating major dense lines & intraperiod lines Major dense line: formed by fusion of the cytoplasmic faces of Schwann cell plasma membrane Intraperiod line: formed by fusion of the extracellular surfaces of Schwann cell plasma membrane in successive layers of the myelin sheath NOTE: Schwann ce ...
... of alternating major dense lines & intraperiod lines Major dense line: formed by fusion of the cytoplasmic faces of Schwann cell plasma membrane Intraperiod line: formed by fusion of the extracellular surfaces of Schwann cell plasma membrane in successive layers of the myelin sheath NOTE: Schwann ce ...
Nervous System Part 1
... If the cell only had K + channels the equilibrium potential of the cell would be ...
... If the cell only had K + channels the equilibrium potential of the cell would be ...
Hindawi Publishing Corporation Neural Plasticity Volume 2008, Article ID 658323, pages
... of head direction cells is like a cosine function, whereas head direction cells usually only show positive activity and have narrower, triangular response functions with no activity outside this range. Head direction input corresponding to a cosine function of actual input could be provided by summe ...
... of head direction cells is like a cosine function, whereas head direction cells usually only show positive activity and have narrower, triangular response functions with no activity outside this range. Head direction input corresponding to a cosine function of actual input could be provided by summe ...
Stereotyped connectivity and computations in higher
... Most individual odor stimuli activate multiple odorant receptors and thus multiple types of olfactory receptor neurons. All the olfactory receptor neurons that express the same odorant receptor project to the same glomerulus in the brain, and so most individual stimuli are encoded by the combined ac ...
... Most individual odor stimuli activate multiple odorant receptors and thus multiple types of olfactory receptor neurons. All the olfactory receptor neurons that express the same odorant receptor project to the same glomerulus in the brain, and so most individual stimuli are encoded by the combined ac ...
Ca 2+
... recent measurements by Bollmann and Sakmann Nat Neurosci. (2005), 8, 426-34, in which short [Ca2+] -transients were produced by uncaging, show that only such short transients produce responses, which are similar to action potential-induced ones ...
... recent measurements by Bollmann and Sakmann Nat Neurosci. (2005), 8, 426-34, in which short [Ca2+] -transients were produced by uncaging, show that only such short transients produce responses, which are similar to action potential-induced ones ...
Brainsignals, Synaptic Transmission and Short
... recent measurements by Bollmann and Sakmann Nat Neurosci. (2005), 8, 426-34, in which short [Ca2+] -transients were produced by uncaging, show that only such short transients produce responses, which are similar to action potential-induced ones ...
... recent measurements by Bollmann and Sakmann Nat Neurosci. (2005), 8, 426-34, in which short [Ca2+] -transients were produced by uncaging, show that only such short transients produce responses, which are similar to action potential-induced ones ...
Vagal Input to Lateral Area 3a in Cat Cortex
... The vagus nerves were electrically stimulated with either a single rectangular pulse (duration: 0.3 or 2.0 ms) or a train of pulses (3 0.3-ms pulses at 1 kHz). The stimulus strength was initially adjusted to be supramaximal for A-delta fiber activation in the compound action potential recorded from ...
... The vagus nerves were electrically stimulated with either a single rectangular pulse (duration: 0.3 or 2.0 ms) or a train of pulses (3 0.3-ms pulses at 1 kHz). The stimulus strength was initially adjusted to be supramaximal for A-delta fiber activation in the compound action potential recorded from ...
Preparation for action: one of the key functions of motor cortex.
... behavioral performance, the trial-by-trial correlation between single neuron firing rate and reaction time revealed strong task-related cortical dynamics. Finally, the cooperative interplay among neurons, expressed by precise synchronization of their action potentials, will be illustrated and compar ...
... behavioral performance, the trial-by-trial correlation between single neuron firing rate and reaction time revealed strong task-related cortical dynamics. Finally, the cooperative interplay among neurons, expressed by precise synchronization of their action potentials, will be illustrated and compar ...
Reinforcement Learning and the Basal Ganglia
... on their output target, as some patch neurons project exclusively to the GPe, while others project to the SNc, and matrix cells project either to the SNr and to the GPi with collaterals to the GPe, or exclusively to the GPe (Gerfen & Young, 1988). The use of neurochemical markers assists in defining ...
... on their output target, as some patch neurons project exclusively to the GPe, while others project to the SNc, and matrix cells project either to the SNr and to the GPi with collaterals to the GPe, or exclusively to the GPe (Gerfen & Young, 1988). The use of neurochemical markers assists in defining ...
Spinal Cord Tracts
... The white matter of the spinal cord is divided into the paired posterior (dorsal), lateral, and anterior (ventral) columns. These columns are sometimes called funiculi (or funiculus when singular) and are made up of axons that are traveling up (ascending) or down (descending) the spinal cord. The as ...
... The white matter of the spinal cord is divided into the paired posterior (dorsal), lateral, and anterior (ventral) columns. These columns are sometimes called funiculi (or funiculus when singular) and are made up of axons that are traveling up (ascending) or down (descending) the spinal cord. The as ...
Chapter 7 The Nervous System
... H. Age-related changes 11. Reduced dendrites and dendritic spines 12. Intracellular neuronal changes a. Decreased Nissl substance (ribosomes) b. In the hippocampus, particularly: i. ...
... H. Age-related changes 11. Reduced dendrites and dendritic spines 12. Intracellular neuronal changes a. Decreased Nissl substance (ribosomes) b. In the hippocampus, particularly: i. ...
Nervous System - Napa Valley College
... It is an all or nothing response – if it is not a great enough stimulation the channels won’t open. The level of the action potential is always the same. The direction is always one way down the axon. The sodium channels are inactivated for awhile after the action potential passes = refractory p ...
... It is an all or nothing response – if it is not a great enough stimulation the channels won’t open. The level of the action potential is always the same. The direction is always one way down the axon. The sodium channels are inactivated for awhile after the action potential passes = refractory p ...
PDF file
... synaptic connections are possible, excitatory and inhibitory. This is a recurrent network. The output from each layer is not only used as input for the next layer, but is also fed back into other neurons in the same layer through lateral inhibition (dashed lines in the figure). For each neuron i, at ...
... synaptic connections are possible, excitatory and inhibitory. This is a recurrent network. The output from each layer is not only used as input for the next layer, but is also fed back into other neurons in the same layer through lateral inhibition (dashed lines in the figure). For each neuron i, at ...
Continuous transformation learning of translation
... architecture, in which key principles agreed by many investigators (Fukushima 1980; Wallis and Rolls 1997; Riesenhuber and Poggio 1999a, b, 2000; Giese and Poggio 2003; Serre et al. 2007) include feedforward connectivity, local lateral inhibition within a layer to implement competition, and then som ...
... architecture, in which key principles agreed by many investigators (Fukushima 1980; Wallis and Rolls 1997; Riesenhuber and Poggio 1999a, b, 2000; Giese and Poggio 2003; Serre et al. 2007) include feedforward connectivity, local lateral inhibition within a layer to implement competition, and then som ...
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)
... Different resolution images in different levels How do we know where the coarser level edges are in the finer edge detected image Seems very complex yet eye does it easily ...
... Different resolution images in different levels How do we know where the coarser level edges are in the finer edge detected image Seems very complex yet eye does it easily ...
Evolutionary Neurotheology - UTK-EECS
... MacLennan, 1991) that already in primary visual cortex the visual scene has been transformed by means of a wavelet analysis into a representation in terms of spatially localized oriented patches of restricted spatial frequency. Neurons in higher visual areas will represent even more abstract propert ...
... MacLennan, 1991) that already in primary visual cortex the visual scene has been transformed by means of a wavelet analysis into a representation in terms of spatially localized oriented patches of restricted spatial frequency. Neurons in higher visual areas will represent even more abstract propert ...
Motor Cortex, Basal Ganglia, Cerebellum
... 3. Coordination: control pattern and sequence of muscle contraction for smooth, effective action B. Initiation of Function 1. Involuntary: motor act, initiated by specific internal or external stimulus, generally stereotyped, need not involve conscious volition 2. Voluntary: sometimes initiated with ...
... 3. Coordination: control pattern and sequence of muscle contraction for smooth, effective action B. Initiation of Function 1. Involuntary: motor act, initiated by specific internal or external stimulus, generally stereotyped, need not involve conscious volition 2. Voluntary: sometimes initiated with ...
NEUROTRANSMITTER SYSTEMS IN THE VISUAL CORTEX OF
... nals, because it is confined almost entirely to neurons. Immunocytochemica1 staining with an antiserum to GAD appears to be rather uniformly distributed throughout the cortical layers of the rat (112). In the monkey visual cortex, however, distinct laminar variations in GAD immunoreactivity are pre ...
... nals, because it is confined almost entirely to neurons. Immunocytochemica1 staining with an antiserum to GAD appears to be rather uniformly distributed throughout the cortical layers of the rat (112). In the monkey visual cortex, however, distinct laminar variations in GAD immunoreactivity are pre ...
Electrophysiology in Vision How VEP and ERG Can Impact Your
... of Toronto ), found in a primate model that there was extensive loss of nerve cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus with progressive glaucoma, a process known as transneuronal degeneration. According to Dr. Weinreb, by studying changes in the brainstem we may better understand what causes vision l ...
... of Toronto ), found in a primate model that there was extensive loss of nerve cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus with progressive glaucoma, a process known as transneuronal degeneration. According to Dr. Weinreb, by studying changes in the brainstem we may better understand what causes vision l ...
A Point Process Model for Auditory Neurons Considering
... containing the most salient factors to neural spiking activity and use the fitted model to evaluate the relative importance of the factors. Two key factors or covariates to consider in standard neurophysiology experiments are the intrinsic dynamics of the neuron such as the absolute and relative ref ...
... containing the most salient factors to neural spiking activity and use the fitted model to evaluate the relative importance of the factors. Two key factors or covariates to consider in standard neurophysiology experiments are the intrinsic dynamics of the neuron such as the absolute and relative ref ...