Cellular and network mechanisms of electrographic
... EPSPs [12,50], enhanced by the activation of voltage-gated intrinsic (high-threshold Ca2+ and persistent Na+) currents [1,13,15,17]. Specifically, the EPSPs initiate the PDS by depolarizing the postsynaptic neurons to the level of activation of the persistent Na+ current that maintains and enhances ...
... EPSPs [12,50], enhanced by the activation of voltage-gated intrinsic (high-threshold Ca2+ and persistent Na+) currents [1,13,15,17]. Specifically, the EPSPs initiate the PDS by depolarizing the postsynaptic neurons to the level of activation of the persistent Na+ current that maintains and enhances ...
Object recognition in clutter: selectivity and invariance
... object recognition in cluttered conditions, typical of natural visual scenes, where objects of interest do not appear in isolation but together with background objects. Object recognition in primates is thought to depend on neuronal activity in the inferotemporal cortex (IT) [1], which is the last s ...
... object recognition in cluttered conditions, typical of natural visual scenes, where objects of interest do not appear in isolation but together with background objects. Object recognition in primates is thought to depend on neuronal activity in the inferotemporal cortex (IT) [1], which is the last s ...
Membrane potential synchrony of simultaneously recorded striatal
... moment-to-moment variations around the mean, which determine the timing of action potentials, are not. We propose that the precisely timed, synchronous component of the membrane potential signals activation of cell assemblies and enables ®ring to occur. The asynchronous component, with low redundanc ...
... moment-to-moment variations around the mean, which determine the timing of action potentials, are not. We propose that the precisely timed, synchronous component of the membrane potential signals activation of cell assemblies and enables ®ring to occur. The asynchronous component, with low redundanc ...
refractory period
... The experiment on the next slide shows the singlechannel currents recorded from 7 individual Na+ channels in response to a depolarizing voltage step. Notice how random the behavior is - the different channels open at different times, stay open for different times, and may flicker closed a time or tw ...
... The experiment on the next slide shows the singlechannel currents recorded from 7 individual Na+ channels in response to a depolarizing voltage step. Notice how random the behavior is - the different channels open at different times, stay open for different times, and may flicker closed a time or tw ...
Psych 11Nervous System Overview
... Step 4: Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft (a very short distance) and bind to receptor proteins on the postsynaptic membrane. Excitatory neurotransmitters cause sodium ions to move through receptor proteins depolarizing the membrane. Inhibitory neurotransmitters do not depolarize ...
... Step 4: Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft (a very short distance) and bind to receptor proteins on the postsynaptic membrane. Excitatory neurotransmitters cause sodium ions to move through receptor proteins depolarizing the membrane. Inhibitory neurotransmitters do not depolarize ...
Neuron File
... concentration differences of ions such as sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium. Changes in the cross-membrane voltage can alter the function of voltage-dependent ion channels. If the voltage changes by a large enough amount, an all-ornone electrochemical pulse called anaction potential is genera ...
... concentration differences of ions such as sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium. Changes in the cross-membrane voltage can alter the function of voltage-dependent ion channels. If the voltage changes by a large enough amount, an all-ornone electrochemical pulse called anaction potential is genera ...
Fast neural network simulations with population density methods Duane Q. Nykamp Daniel Tranchina
... inhibitory synapses (4–5) do not depend on voltage, the equation for µG (t) can be derived directly. Although the independence assumption is not strictly justified, in practice, it gives good results. We illustrate the performance of the population density method with a comparison of the population ...
... inhibitory synapses (4–5) do not depend on voltage, the equation for µG (t) can be derived directly. Although the independence assumption is not strictly justified, in practice, it gives good results. We illustrate the performance of the population density method with a comparison of the population ...
Information Integration and Decision Making in Humans and
... The variables x and y are unconditionally independent in one of the graphs above. In the other graph, they are conditionally independent given the ‘category’ they are chosen from, where this is represented by the symbol used on the data point, but they are not unconditionally independent. ...
... The variables x and y are unconditionally independent in one of the graphs above. In the other graph, they are conditionally independent given the ‘category’ they are chosen from, where this is represented by the symbol used on the data point, but they are not unconditionally independent. ...
Neurotransmitters
... • The basal nuclei region of the brain (between the corpus callosum and thalamus) inhibits some motor neurons so that unwanted body movements do not occur. The basal nuclei regulate stopping, starting, and coordination of movements. The basal nuclei are inhibitors of movement. They are like strict p ...
... • The basal nuclei region of the brain (between the corpus callosum and thalamus) inhibits some motor neurons so that unwanted body movements do not occur. The basal nuclei regulate stopping, starting, and coordination of movements. The basal nuclei are inhibitors of movement. They are like strict p ...
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
... The goal of the present application is to determine the action of purinergic neurotransmission, especially that mediated by P2X4 receptors, in brain areas related to the rewarding and reinforcing properties of alcohol. My portion of the project involves the investigation of the interaction of ATP an ...
... The goal of the present application is to determine the action of purinergic neurotransmission, especially that mediated by P2X4 receptors, in brain areas related to the rewarding and reinforcing properties of alcohol. My portion of the project involves the investigation of the interaction of ATP an ...
Resting Potential
... chemically gated channels (as opposed to those that are voltage-gated & are involved in sending A.P.) • Changes in chem. gated channels create local changes called synaptic potentials (a small, temporary change in the potential charge of a neuron) • They allow one neuron to influence another ...
... chemically gated channels (as opposed to those that are voltage-gated & are involved in sending A.P.) • Changes in chem. gated channels create local changes called synaptic potentials (a small, temporary change in the potential charge of a neuron) • They allow one neuron to influence another ...
File
... synaptic cleft where they can bind with receptor sites on the postsynaptic ending to influence the electrical response in the postsynaptic neuron ...
... synaptic cleft where they can bind with receptor sites on the postsynaptic ending to influence the electrical response in the postsynaptic neuron ...
Properties of reflex action
... The site (locality) of the stimulus determines the nature of response e.g.: In withdrawal reflex, the pattern of flexion that occurs varies with the site of the stimulus. a) Stimulus at the lateral aspect of the thigh leads to adduction and medial rotation. b) Stimulus at medial aspect of the thigh ...
... The site (locality) of the stimulus determines the nature of response e.g.: In withdrawal reflex, the pattern of flexion that occurs varies with the site of the stimulus. a) Stimulus at the lateral aspect of the thigh leads to adduction and medial rotation. b) Stimulus at medial aspect of the thigh ...
MECHANISMS OF CENTRAL TRANSMISSION OF RESPIRATORY
... chemoreceptor excitation likewise led to increased activity (P. Langhorst and H. P. Koepchen, unpublished data). Therefore the chemoreceptor reflex increase of breathing is a generally activating reflex according to case c in Table I . The known inhibition of respiration by arterial baroreceptor aff ...
... chemoreceptor excitation likewise led to increased activity (P. Langhorst and H. P. Koepchen, unpublished data). Therefore the chemoreceptor reflex increase of breathing is a generally activating reflex according to case c in Table I . The known inhibition of respiration by arterial baroreceptor aff ...
Document
... Longissimus Muscle Group: action, lateral flexion 1. Obliqus Capitis superior Muscle (OCS) 2. Splenius Muscle (SPL) 3. Longissimus Muscle (LONG) Semispinalis Muscle Group: action, extends, rotates vertebral column 1. Biventer Cervicis Muscle (BIV) 2. Complexus Muscle (COMP) ...
... Longissimus Muscle Group: action, lateral flexion 1. Obliqus Capitis superior Muscle (OCS) 2. Splenius Muscle (SPL) 3. Longissimus Muscle (LONG) Semispinalis Muscle Group: action, extends, rotates vertebral column 1. Biventer Cervicis Muscle (BIV) 2. Complexus Muscle (COMP) ...
A horizontal spinal cord slice preparation for studying descending
... Similarly, local inputs can be studied within a slice by low intensity focal stimulation of visualized neurons or even recording from pairs of neurons. The other major source of synaptic input to the spinal cord, from more distant propriospinal, brainstem, midbrain and even cortical regions, has bee ...
... Similarly, local inputs can be studied within a slice by low intensity focal stimulation of visualized neurons or even recording from pairs of neurons. The other major source of synaptic input to the spinal cord, from more distant propriospinal, brainstem, midbrain and even cortical regions, has bee ...
Folie 1 - uni-tuebingen.de
... • _________________________________ • ________orexinA_________orexinB____ Receptors exitatory Gq ORX 1 less 2 ORX 2 and1 PLC/DAG ...
... • _________________________________ • ________orexinA_________orexinB____ Receptors exitatory Gq ORX 1 less 2 ORX 2 and1 PLC/DAG ...
Psychiatry`s age of enlightenment
... A main advantage of optogenetics over other traditional approaches to neuromodulation, such as electrophysiology, is the spatial resolution that can be achieved. For instance, in a heterogeneous population of neurons, an electrode would stimulate all neurons within the vicinity, regardless of subtyp ...
... A main advantage of optogenetics over other traditional approaches to neuromodulation, such as electrophysiology, is the spatial resolution that can be achieved. For instance, in a heterogeneous population of neurons, an electrode would stimulate all neurons within the vicinity, regardless of subtyp ...
Pre-Bötzinger complex
The pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC) is a cluster of interneurons in the ventrolateral medulla of the brainstem. This complex has been proven to be essential for the generation of respiratory rhythm in mammals. The exact mechanism of the rhythm generation and transmission to motor nuclei remains controversial and the topic of much present research.Several synthetic compounds have been shown to act on neurons specific to the preBötC, most being selective agonists or antagonists to receptor subtypes on neurons in the vicinity. Since many of these neurons express GABA, glutamate, serotonin and adenosine receptors, chemicals custom tailored to bind at these sites are most effective at altering respiratory rhythm.Adenosine modulates the preBötC output via activation of the A1 and A2A receptor subtypes. An adenosine A1 receptor agonist has been shown to depress preBötC rhythmogenesis independent of the neurotransmitters GABA and glycine in ""in vitro"" preparations from 0-7 day old mice. Another synthetic drug specific to the adenosine A2A receptor subtype is CGS-21680 that has been shown to cause apneas in 14-21 day old rat pups in vivo. For this reason, it has been used as a model to study pathological conditions such as apnea of prematurity and SIDS in neonatal infants.