Widespread but Not Universal: Improving the Typological Coverage
... Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Assistant Professor Emily M. Bender Department of Linguistics The LinGO Grammar Matrix provides a foundation for building grammars of natural languages in hpsg. It includes a web-based questionnaire that allows a linguist to describe a natural language, and then c ...
... Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Assistant Professor Emily M. Bender Department of Linguistics The LinGO Grammar Matrix provides a foundation for building grammars of natural languages in hpsg. It includes a web-based questionnaire that allows a linguist to describe a natural language, and then c ...
Working with VERBALS: Participles / infinitives / gerunds
... Identify the underlined part of speech. After completing the entire exercise, click on the "Are You Prepared?" button at the bottom of this page to see the answers. 1. The thief arrested for the robbery shot at the security guard. a. gerund b. participle c. infinitive 2. The flag waving in the wind ...
... Identify the underlined part of speech. After completing the entire exercise, click on the "Are You Prepared?" button at the bottom of this page to see the answers. 1. The thief arrested for the robbery shot at the security guard. a. gerund b. participle c. infinitive 2. The flag waving in the wind ...
the subject preference in the processing of locally ambiguous wh
... German feminine, neuter, and plural noun phrases do not distinguish overtly between nominative and accusative case. If such a noun phrase is the initial ...
... German feminine, neuter, and plural noun phrases do not distinguish overtly between nominative and accusative case. If such a noun phrase is the initial ...
Grammar Almanac - HESS EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATION
... 1. There are two parts to a conditional sentence, the main clause and the “if” clause. E.g. If you study English everyday, you will be very good at it. (in this example “If you study English everyday,” is our “if” clause because it begins with “if.” The clause, “You will be very good at it,” is our ...
... 1. There are two parts to a conditional sentence, the main clause and the “if” clause. E.g. If you study English everyday, you will be very good at it. (in this example “If you study English everyday,” is our “if” clause because it begins with “if.” The clause, “You will be very good at it,” is our ...
Adjective and attribution
... This definition of the adjective leaves open at least two further possibilities that must be briefly mentioned. First, there can be adjectives which, although being (by definition) primary modifiers, do not modify a concept by characterizing it by another concept and instead serve element selection ...
... This definition of the adjective leaves open at least two further possibilities that must be briefly mentioned. First, there can be adjectives which, although being (by definition) primary modifiers, do not modify a concept by characterizing it by another concept and instead serve element selection ...
Perception and Causative Structures in English and European
... given that such infinitival T cannot itself value the Case-feature of the embedded subject (Recall that the subject of the infinitival clause is Case-marked by a higher probe), its φ-set should be “incomplete”. The question then is how defective this set is. Starting with gender, there is no evidenc ...
... given that such infinitival T cannot itself value the Case-feature of the embedded subject (Recall that the subject of the infinitival clause is Case-marked by a higher probe), its φ-set should be “incomplete”. The question then is how defective this set is. Starting with gender, there is no evidenc ...
Building Statives
... According to (14), the stativity of target state participles is the result of existentially quantifying the Davidsonian argument of a category-neutral predicate that has an additional target state argument. Lieber 1980 has argued that what makes adjectival participles adjectival in English and Germa ...
... According to (14), the stativity of target state participles is the result of existentially quantifying the Davidsonian argument of a category-neutral predicate that has an additional target state argument. Lieber 1980 has argued that what makes adjectival participles adjectival in English and Germa ...
FNLP Lecture 8 Part-of-speech tagging and HMMs What is part of
... – nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs – mostly content-bearing: they refer to objects, actions, and features in the world – open class, since there is no limit to what these words are, new ones are added all the time (email, website). ...
... – nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs – mostly content-bearing: they refer to objects, actions, and features in the world – open class, since there is no limit to what these words are, new ones are added all the time (email, website). ...
Is Russian a verb classifier language?
... semantically empty markers. Numeral classifiers are now recognized to have a semantic sorting function. The argument that Russian has a verb classifier system is de facto also an argument against the traditional “empty prefix” model. Given the clear parallels between numeral classifiers and Russian ...
... semantically empty markers. Numeral classifiers are now recognized to have a semantic sorting function. The argument that Russian has a verb classifier system is de facto also an argument against the traditional “empty prefix” model. Given the clear parallels between numeral classifiers and Russian ...
Building Statives - Semantics Archive
... Two kinds of adjectival passives The adjectival passive construction that is traditionally called ‘Zustandspassiv’ (‘state passive’) in German seems to have the same syntactic and semantic properties as its English cousin, except that it is easier to identify. German state or adjectival passives sel ...
... Two kinds of adjectival passives The adjectival passive construction that is traditionally called ‘Zustandspassiv’ (‘state passive’) in German seems to have the same syntactic and semantic properties as its English cousin, except that it is easier to identify. German state or adjectival passives sel ...
Person Resolution Agreement in L2 Compositions: Native Arabic
... “as two or more nouns or pronouns conjoined by a coordinating conjunction, or two or more nouns or pronouns separated by a pause or comma” (E. Koffi, personal communication, 2016). The sentence in example (2) contains a third person element (assuming that Ahmed is not present at the conversation) so ...
... “as two or more nouns or pronouns conjoined by a coordinating conjunction, or two or more nouns or pronouns separated by a pause or comma” (E. Koffi, personal communication, 2016). The sentence in example (2) contains a third person element (assuming that Ahmed is not present at the conversation) so ...
Preparatory Booklet - The Open University
... yourself with the range of topics covered. If you have a lot of time at your disposal and wish to attempt all the exercises then by all means do so, but you should also feel free to be selective in your work and to focus on those topics you most want to consolidate: certainly if you have studied Lat ...
... yourself with the range of topics covered. If you have a lot of time at your disposal and wish to attempt all the exercises then by all means do so, but you should also feel free to be selective in your work and to focus on those topics you most want to consolidate: certainly if you have studied Lat ...
the category of aspect
... - a semantic level – semantic concepts: events, objects, states, processes “Morphology” is a term based on the Greek words morphe (=form/structure) and logie (=account/study). In fact, the term can apply to any domain of human activity that studies the structure or form of something. In linguistics, ...
... - a semantic level – semantic concepts: events, objects, states, processes “Morphology” is a term based on the Greek words morphe (=form/structure) and logie (=account/study). In fact, the term can apply to any domain of human activity that studies the structure or form of something. In linguistics, ...
6 - Rutgers Optimality Archive
... quite clear for thematic roles, but it is not obvious for the structural cases. Not all languages have a genuine morphological case for subjects, as, e.g., exemplified by the large group of ergative languages, and also by a nonergative language like Icelandic. This does not mean that such languages ...
... quite clear for thematic roles, but it is not obvious for the structural cases. Not all languages have a genuine morphological case for subjects, as, e.g., exemplified by the large group of ergative languages, and also by a nonergative language like Icelandic. This does not mean that such languages ...
Norbert Hornstein, Ana Maria Martins and Jairo Nunes This
... given that such infinitival T cannot itself value the Case-feature of the embedded subject (Recall that the subject of the infinitival clause is Case-marked by a higher probe), its φ-set should be “incomplete”. The question then is how defective this set is. Starting with gender, there is no evidenc ...
... given that such infinitival T cannot itself value the Case-feature of the embedded subject (Recall that the subject of the infinitival clause is Case-marked by a higher probe), its φ-set should be “incomplete”. The question then is how defective this set is. Starting with gender, there is no evidenc ...
Placed, Non- Placed and Anaphorically Placed Expressions:
... It has been noted by many that the morphological expression of Tense is strongly interrelated with the morphological expression of Person. As stated in Greenberg’s Universal 30 (Greenberg ,1963), for instance, if a language has Person- Number categories, it always has TenseMood categories. On indepe ...
... It has been noted by many that the morphological expression of Tense is strongly interrelated with the morphological expression of Person. As stated in Greenberg’s Universal 30 (Greenberg ,1963), for instance, if a language has Person- Number categories, it always has TenseMood categories. On indepe ...
Chapter 7 Coordinating and subordinating elements
... The verb linker !) (VL) is used to link two or more verbs in a sentence (see also Eaton (2003) for a discussion of multi-verb constructions in Sandawe). It can link two or more main verbs to each other or an operator verb to a main verb. In both cases, the multi-verb constructions share the same sub ...
... The verb linker !) (VL) is used to link two or more verbs in a sentence (see also Eaton (2003) for a discussion of multi-verb constructions in Sandawe). It can link two or more main verbs to each other or an operator verb to a main verb. In both cases, the multi-verb constructions share the same sub ...
VERBS AND OBJECTS IN SEMANTIC AGREEMENT: MINOR
... Although it is often taken for granted that classificational agreements between predicate and argument expressions are essentially unpredictable as far as their cross-linguistic variability, the domains of their occurrence within individual languages, and their historical developments are concerned, ...
... Although it is often taken for granted that classificational agreements between predicate and argument expressions are essentially unpredictable as far as their cross-linguistic variability, the domains of their occurrence within individual languages, and their historical developments are concerned, ...
Punjabi Text Generation using Interlingua
... sentence. Ambiguity increases when a word has more than one meaning (homonyms). For example “duck” could either be a type of bird, or an action involving bending down. Since these two meanings have different grammatical categories (noun and verb) the issue can be resolved by syntactic analysis. The ...
... sentence. Ambiguity increases when a word has more than one meaning (homonyms). For example “duck” could either be a type of bird, or an action involving bending down. Since these two meanings have different grammatical categories (noun and verb) the issue can be resolved by syntactic analysis. The ...
Cause Event Representations for Happiness and Surprise
... simplify P as a structure of (N)+V+(N), and P is very likely to contain the cause event. In identifying P, we first look for the nearest verb occurring before 讓,令 or 使 in the focus sentence or the clause before the focus clause, and consider this verb as an anchor. From this verb, we search to the l ...
... simplify P as a structure of (N)+V+(N), and P is very likely to contain the cause event. In identifying P, we first look for the nearest verb occurring before 讓,令 or 使 in the focus sentence or the clause before the focus clause, and consider this verb as an anchor. From this verb, we search to the l ...
Here - plaza
... Sometimes this happens more than once in a single word, like Akankiritwa, (“I am from here”): in this case, a noun becomes a verb that becomes a noun that becomes a verb again! The forms that result from all of these changes are either nouns or nominal verbs. – They do not ever become “real” verbs, ...
... Sometimes this happens more than once in a single word, like Akankiritwa, (“I am from here”): in this case, a noun becomes a verb that becomes a noun that becomes a verb again! The forms that result from all of these changes are either nouns or nominal verbs. – They do not ever become “real” verbs, ...
gothic word order patterns as attested in the gothic gospel of luke
... In its morphology, Gothic did not differ much from other old Germanic languages. Gothic was a synthetic language: nouns and adjective were subject to inflections; nominal parts of speech had three numbers (singular, dual and plural) and four cases; verbs indicated tense, mood, voice, person and numb ...
... In its morphology, Gothic did not differ much from other old Germanic languages. Gothic was a synthetic language: nouns and adjective were subject to inflections; nominal parts of speech had three numbers (singular, dual and plural) and four cases; verbs indicated tense, mood, voice, person and numb ...
Andrzej Wilanowski Transitiveness of passive forms in Homer
... Such a definition indicates the problem with differentiating between semantic and grammatical area when the verb is to be identified as transitive or intransitive. It is also noticeable that some doubts may appear when transitiveness of reflexive verbs is described. In this case, the action is rest ...
... Such a definition indicates the problem with differentiating between semantic and grammatical area when the verb is to be identified as transitive or intransitive. It is also noticeable that some doubts may appear when transitiveness of reflexive verbs is described. In this case, the action is rest ...
article
... One anonymous reviewer remarks that some material appearing above the radical can influence whether a desiderative construction can be governed by the volitive radical. HITPA'EL forms of volitive verbs can result in passivized verbs, and since volitives as such cannot be passivized, desiderative con ...
... One anonymous reviewer remarks that some material appearing above the radical can influence whether a desiderative construction can be governed by the volitive radical. HITPA'EL forms of volitive verbs can result in passivized verbs, and since volitives as such cannot be passivized, desiderative con ...
Язык. Константы. Переменные - Observatoire de linguistique
... on 1) some intuitively clear cases in the simplest sentences possible — canonical SyntSubjs, and on 2) a list of cross-linguistically universal syntactically relevant properties of sentence elements. Different Synt-elements are compared to canonical SyntSubjs according to these properties; those Syn ...
... on 1) some intuitively clear cases in the simplest sentences possible — canonical SyntSubjs, and on 2) a list of cross-linguistically universal syntactically relevant properties of sentence elements. Different Synt-elements are compared to canonical SyntSubjs according to these properties; those Syn ...
Inflection
In grammar, inflection or inflexion is the modification of a word to express different grammatical categories such as tense, mood, voice, aspect, person, number, gender and case. The inflection of verbs is also called conjugation, and the inflection of nouns, adjectives and pronouns is also called declension.An inflection expresses one or more grammatical categories with a prefix, suffix or infix, or another internal modification such as a vowel change. For example, the Latin verb ducam, meaning ""I will lead"", includes the suffix -am, expressing person (first), number (singular), and tense (future). The use of this suffix is an inflection. In contrast, in the English clause ""I will lead"", the word lead is not inflected for any of person, number, or tense; it is simply the bare form of a verb.The inflected form of a word often contains both a free morpheme (a unit of meaning which can stand by itself as a word), and a bound morpheme (a unit of meaning which cannot stand alone as a word). For example, the English word cars is a noun that is inflected for number, specifically to express the plural; the content morpheme car is unbound because it could stand alone as a word, while the suffix -s is bound because it cannot stand alone as a word. These two morphemes together form the inflected word cars.Words that are never subject to inflection are said to be invariant; for example, the English verb must is an invariant item: it never takes a suffix or changes form to signify a different grammatical category. Its categories can be determined only from its context.Requiring the inflections of more than one word in a sentence to be compatible according to the rules of the language is known as concord or agreement. For example, in ""the choir sings"", ""choir"" is a singular noun, so ""sing"" is constrained in the present tense to use the third person singular suffix ""s"".Languages that have some degree of inflection are synthetic languages. These can be highly inflected, such as Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit, or weakly inflected, such as English. Languages that are so inflected that a sentence can consist of a single highly inflected word (such as many American Indian languages) are called polysynthetic languages. Languages in which each inflection conveys only a single grammatical category, such as Finnish, are known as agglutinative languages, while languages in which a single inflection can convey multiple grammatical roles (such as both nominative case and plural, as in Latin and German) are called fusional. Languages such as Mandarin Chinese that never use inflections are called analytic or isolating.