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Clitics in Word Grammar
... However you're is also a word, with 're as one of its parts. The main evidence for this is phonological: the sequence /j:/ is indivisible and not composed regularly out of the pronunciations of the two words - in contrast, say, with you're as in (3). (3) The pictures of you're good. It follows that ...
... However you're is also a word, with 're as one of its parts. The main evidence for this is phonological: the sequence /j:/ is indivisible and not composed regularly out of the pronunciations of the two words - in contrast, say, with you're as in (3). (3) The pictures of you're good. It follows that ...
Ontology lexica and automatic grammar generation
... Lexicon and ontology are clearly separated. The meaning of lexical entries is specified by pointing to elements in the ontology. ...
... Lexicon and ontology are clearly separated. The meaning of lexical entries is specified by pointing to elements in the ontology. ...
Quantification in German
... German can cooccur with a (primarily definite) determiner. In this case, they (immediately) follow the determiner. In no case can such a quantifier word be preceded by an adjective in its phrase (but see §2.1.3 for peculiarities of numeral expressions). ...
... German can cooccur with a (primarily definite) determiner. In this case, they (immediately) follow the determiner. In no case can such a quantifier word be preceded by an adjective in its phrase (but see §2.1.3 for peculiarities of numeral expressions). ...
Generating A Parsing Lexicon from an LCS-Based Lexicon
... The first methodology fails for some classes because the distribution of syntactic patterns over a specific class is not uniform. In other words, attempting to assign only a set of patterns to each class introduces errors because some classes are associated with more than one syntactic frame. For ex ...
... The first methodology fails for some classes because the distribution of syntactic patterns over a specific class is not uniform. In other words, attempting to assign only a set of patterns to each class introduces errors because some classes are associated with more than one syntactic frame. For ex ...
Dutch and German verb clusters in Performance
... we develop a linearization model that we claim captures a broad range of linear order phenomena in Dutch and German clauses, including the verb clustering phenomena focused in this volume. In Section 1, we lay out the essentials of Performance Grammar (PG hereafter). Sections 2 and 3 are devoted to ...
... we develop a linearization model that we claim captures a broad range of linear order phenomena in Dutch and German clauses, including the verb clustering phenomena focused in this volume. In Section 1, we lay out the essentials of Performance Grammar (PG hereafter). Sections 2 and 3 are devoted to ...
Application of Resolution Rules on phi
... “as two or more nouns or pronouns conjoined by a coordinating conjunction, or two or more nouns or pronouns separated by a pause or comma” (E. Koffi, personal communication, 2016). The sentence in example (2) contains a third person element (assuming that Ahmed is not present at the conversation) so ...
... “as two or more nouns or pronouns conjoined by a coordinating conjunction, or two or more nouns or pronouns separated by a pause or comma” (E. Koffi, personal communication, 2016). The sentence in example (2) contains a third person element (assuming that Ahmed is not present at the conversation) so ...
“Indeed, it takes only a single system of grammar to provide
... The language Chol is spoken today by between 100,000 and 200,000 people in the state of Chiapas in southern Mexico (Vásquez Alvarez 2002, xvii), highlighted in Figure 2.2.2 The majority of Chol speaking communities are found in the municipios of Tila, Palenque, Sabanilla, Salto de Agua, and Tumbala ...
... The language Chol is spoken today by between 100,000 and 200,000 people in the state of Chiapas in southern Mexico (Vásquez Alvarez 2002, xvii), highlighted in Figure 2.2.2 The majority of Chol speaking communities are found in the municipios of Tila, Palenque, Sabanilla, Salto de Agua, and Tumbala ...
11 Fula
... neighboring Mande. It is not unknown in other language families: a similar system obtains in Celtic languages. 5 Although Arnott calls this a “preterite” marker, it could be interpreted as a “shifter”, as its use “places the action or process one stage further back in time, usually with an implicati ...
... neighboring Mande. It is not unknown in other language families: a similar system obtains in Celtic languages. 5 Although Arnott calls this a “preterite” marker, it could be interpreted as a “shifter”, as its use “places the action or process one stage further back in time, usually with an implicati ...
Children`s Early Acquisition of the Passive
... analysis may be felicitous with actional verb past participles but not with non-actional verb past participles, hence children’s inability to comprehend these passives. Alternatively, Fox & Grodzinsky (1998) propose that the ability to transmit the passive verb’s external thematic role to the obliqu ...
... analysis may be felicitous with actional verb past participles but not with non-actional verb past participles, hence children’s inability to comprehend these passives. Alternatively, Fox & Grodzinsky (1998) propose that the ability to transmit the passive verb’s external thematic role to the obliqu ...
On the Tense-Aspect system of Bolivian
... speakers, I shall avoid it here.2 My first choice for a substitute was Bolivian Guaraní, but Wolf Dietrich (p.c.) pointed out that this label could also apply to other varieties, most notably Guarayo. I am thus using, with his authoritative approval, the label ‘Bolivian-Chaco Guaraní’ (henceforth, B ...
... speakers, I shall avoid it here.2 My first choice for a substitute was Bolivian Guaraní, but Wolf Dietrich (p.c.) pointed out that this label could also apply to other varieties, most notably Guarayo. I am thus using, with his authoritative approval, the label ‘Bolivian-Chaco Guaraní’ (henceforth, B ...
Mood, voice and auxiliaries C1
... continues into the present. In that case, 'since,' 'for,' 'how long' or 'since when' are used. Note: When since (sense of time) is followed by a clause, the verb of the clause is in the preterite. A state or an action that has just been Example: accomplished. I've just finished an excellent book. No ...
... continues into the present. In that case, 'since,' 'for,' 'how long' or 'since when' are used. Note: When since (sense of time) is followed by a clause, the verb of the clause is in the preterite. A state or an action that has just been Example: accomplished. I've just finished an excellent book. No ...
Race-Based Parsing and Syntactic Disambiguution
... the latter attachment with two rules, whereas the former requires only one, as in Figure 1. This assumption about the grammar is ad hoc because it makes a distinction that is not required by the theory of context-free grammars. However, given such a grammar, a parser looking for the preferred attach ...
... the latter attachment with two rules, whereas the former requires only one, as in Figure 1. This assumption about the grammar is ad hoc because it makes a distinction that is not required by the theory of context-free grammars. However, given such a grammar, a parser looking for the preferred attach ...
Aspect Marking and Modality in Child Vietnamese
... 2. ADULT VIETNAMESE Vietnamese is an SVO and isolating language, thus has no inflectional morphology. Verbs are not inflected, i.e. they never have a stem change, but there are various markers (separate morphemes) that accompany the verb to express Tense and Aspect. There are two types of expression ...
... 2. ADULT VIETNAMESE Vietnamese is an SVO and isolating language, thus has no inflectional morphology. Verbs are not inflected, i.e. they never have a stem change, but there are various markers (separate morphemes) that accompany the verb to express Tense and Aspect. There are two types of expression ...
word classes and part-of-speech tagging
... transparency of their role in human language. More recent lists of parts-of-speech (or tagsets) have many more word classes; 45 for the Penn Treebank (Marcus et al., 1993), 87 for the Brown corpus (Francis, 1979; Francis and Kučera, 1982), and 146 for the C7 tagset (Garside et al., 1997). The signi ...
... transparency of their role in human language. More recent lists of parts-of-speech (or tagsets) have many more word classes; 45 for the Penn Treebank (Marcus et al., 1993), 87 for the Brown corpus (Francis, 1979; Francis and Kučera, 1982), and 146 for the C7 tagset (Garside et al., 1997). The signi ...
Document
... Irish appears to be essentially an SVO language, like French. Verbs and auxiliaries raise past the subject to yield VSO. We can analyze the Irish pattern as being minimally different from our existing analysis of French— just one difference, which we hypothesize is another parametric difference betw ...
... Irish appears to be essentially an SVO language, like French. Verbs and auxiliaries raise past the subject to yield VSO. We can analyze the Irish pattern as being minimally different from our existing analysis of French— just one difference, which we hypothesize is another parametric difference betw ...
I find the book worth reading.
... recognize in the system of the English verb not one but two temporal categories. Both of them answer the question: in the "what is the terming of the process?" But the first category, having the past tense as its strong member, expresses a direct retrospective evalution of the time of the event refl ...
... recognize in the system of the English verb not one but two temporal categories. Both of them answer the question: in the "what is the terming of the process?" But the first category, having the past tense as its strong member, expresses a direct retrospective evalution of the time of the event refl ...
Au boulot! REFERENCE GRAMMAR QE FRENCH
... complex, such as another sentence Predicates consist of a veri> and its complement, if any (For example, m "John whistles,* the verb whistks has no œmpkment, but in "John whistles a pretty time," it has the complement, m* pretty tune ") Some of those complements may be proper nouns, common nouns, or ...
... complex, such as another sentence Predicates consist of a veri> and its complement, if any (For example, m "John whistles,* the verb whistks has no œmpkment, but in "John whistles a pretty time," it has the complement, m* pretty tune ") Some of those complements may be proper nouns, common nouns, or ...
the linguistics of endangered languages
... classification in Nkak and compares nominalization and nominal classification with similar constructions in other languages of the region (Wãnsöjöt, Yujup, Hup, Nadeb, and Dâw). In particular, she presents the few derivational processes the language has by which nouns are derived from verbs or nou ...
... classification in Nkak and compares nominalization and nominal classification with similar constructions in other languages of the region (Wãnsöjöt, Yujup, Hup, Nadeb, and Dâw). In particular, she presents the few derivational processes the language has by which nouns are derived from verbs or nou ...
Parallelism Rules
... not be used with adverbs indicating past time. Instead the simple past tense should be used. I have seen a film last night ☓ I saw a film last night. ✔ He has left for Hyderabad last week. ☓ He left for Hyderabad last week. ✔ Shortcut Rule 4 : The present perfect tense with "For or Since" is used to ...
... not be used with adverbs indicating past time. Instead the simple past tense should be used. I have seen a film last night ☓ I saw a film last night. ✔ He has left for Hyderabad last week. ☓ He left for Hyderabad last week. ✔ Shortcut Rule 4 : The present perfect tense with "For or Since" is used to ...
Towards a Semantics of X-Bar Theory
... not appearing since it is a non-head sister of the head “book”. But if “red” is not the maximal projection of an AP, being instead just a modifier of the head “book”, then there is no optional specifier. In fact, it is not clear what the “optional” specifier could be in this example. Sadler & Arnol ...
... not appearing since it is a non-head sister of the head “book”. But if “red” is not the maximal projection of an AP, being instead just a modifier of the head “book”, then there is no optional specifier. In fact, it is not clear what the “optional” specifier could be in this example. Sadler & Arnol ...
Document
... case. In a simplex, non-coordinated structure, accusative case would of course have been impossible on the subject constituent. The EBC construction in (2), again a CoP in subject position, is one in which both conjuncts unexpectedly have accusative case, i.e., both are deviant. In Norwegian and Eng ...
... case. In a simplex, non-coordinated structure, accusative case would of course have been impossible on the subject constituent. The EBC construction in (2), again a CoP in subject position, is one in which both conjuncts unexpectedly have accusative case, i.e., both are deviant. In Norwegian and Eng ...
The Quantization Puzzle
... such as usually, always, in most cases (see Lewis, 1975), “floated” quantifiers (both, all, each), auxiliaries, verbal affixes, and various argument-structure adjusters. One of the goals of this paper is to show that Slavic verbal prefixes with a quantificational and/or measurement content belong to ...
... such as usually, always, in most cases (see Lewis, 1975), “floated” quantifiers (both, all, each), auxiliaries, verbal affixes, and various argument-structure adjusters. One of the goals of this paper is to show that Slavic verbal prefixes with a quantificational and/or measurement content belong to ...
Deriving Greenberg`s Asymmetry in Arabic
... joining the sound sequence of the verb ‘to speak’ [spik], the stem, with the sound sequence of ‘-ing’ [i_], the affix. This mode of morphology that builds words by adding affixes to stems is called concatenative morphology. On the other hand, there are languages with non-concatenative morphology, wh ...
... joining the sound sequence of the verb ‘to speak’ [spik], the stem, with the sound sequence of ‘-ing’ [i_], the affix. This mode of morphology that builds words by adding affixes to stems is called concatenative morphology. On the other hand, there are languages with non-concatenative morphology, wh ...
gerúndio - CLUL - Universidade de Lisboa
... Abstract This paper provides a partial description of the main differences between European Portuguese (EP) and Brazilian Portuguese (BP) concerning the use of the «gerúndio». Two rather distinct syntactic and semantic uses of this verb form are focussed: the periphrastic «gerúndio» and the adverbia ...
... Abstract This paper provides a partial description of the main differences between European Portuguese (EP) and Brazilian Portuguese (BP) concerning the use of the «gerúndio». Two rather distinct syntactic and semantic uses of this verb form are focussed: the periphrastic «gerúndio» and the adverbia ...
finiteverb - University of Essex
... of head-to-head movement) first to AGR and then to T, so that have/be also inflect both for tense and agreement; from T they can be raised to C, resulting in inversion structures such as 'Was he telling the truth?'. Clauses containing finite nonauxiliary verbs (e.g. 'He tells the truth') involve a n ...
... of head-to-head movement) first to AGR and then to T, so that have/be also inflect both for tense and agreement; from T they can be raised to C, resulting in inversion structures such as 'Was he telling the truth?'. Clauses containing finite nonauxiliary verbs (e.g. 'He tells the truth') involve a n ...
Inflection
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/FlexiónGato.png?width=300)
In grammar, inflection or inflexion is the modification of a word to express different grammatical categories such as tense, mood, voice, aspect, person, number, gender and case. The inflection of verbs is also called conjugation, and the inflection of nouns, adjectives and pronouns is also called declension.An inflection expresses one or more grammatical categories with a prefix, suffix or infix, or another internal modification such as a vowel change. For example, the Latin verb ducam, meaning ""I will lead"", includes the suffix -am, expressing person (first), number (singular), and tense (future). The use of this suffix is an inflection. In contrast, in the English clause ""I will lead"", the word lead is not inflected for any of person, number, or tense; it is simply the bare form of a verb.The inflected form of a word often contains both a free morpheme (a unit of meaning which can stand by itself as a word), and a bound morpheme (a unit of meaning which cannot stand alone as a word). For example, the English word cars is a noun that is inflected for number, specifically to express the plural; the content morpheme car is unbound because it could stand alone as a word, while the suffix -s is bound because it cannot stand alone as a word. These two morphemes together form the inflected word cars.Words that are never subject to inflection are said to be invariant; for example, the English verb must is an invariant item: it never takes a suffix or changes form to signify a different grammatical category. Its categories can be determined only from its context.Requiring the inflections of more than one word in a sentence to be compatible according to the rules of the language is known as concord or agreement. For example, in ""the choir sings"", ""choir"" is a singular noun, so ""sing"" is constrained in the present tense to use the third person singular suffix ""s"".Languages that have some degree of inflection are synthetic languages. These can be highly inflected, such as Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit, or weakly inflected, such as English. Languages that are so inflected that a sentence can consist of a single highly inflected word (such as many American Indian languages) are called polysynthetic languages. Languages in which each inflection conveys only a single grammatical category, such as Finnish, are known as agglutinative languages, while languages in which a single inflection can convey multiple grammatical roles (such as both nominative case and plural, as in Latin and German) are called fusional. Languages such as Mandarin Chinese that never use inflections are called analytic or isolating.