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a. What is the cost? b. How is payment made? c. How quickly can it
a. What is the cost? b. How is payment made? c. How quickly can it

... 5W stands for who, what, when, where, why. These are the five key components used in news stories, which also happen to be the same five components needed for essays. If you’ve ever been told, “you haven’t answered the question,” then the chances are you missed one of the key components. Until recen ...
Introduction to Sumerian Grammar - CDLI
Introduction to Sumerian Grammar - CDLI

... This would not be a problem except for a number of signs which have long and short values. For example, the sign túk can be read /tuk/ or /tuku/. Labat reads the latter as túku, which then does not represent tuku4, but rather tuku2, i.e. túk(u)! Borger's system, used here and in later editions of L ...
Verbal Prefixes in Russian: Conceptual structure - Munin
Verbal Prefixes in Russian: Conceptual structure - Munin

... (e.g. za-bežatj v magazin ‘to run by the store on the way’). However, the meaning still involves briefly entering some space, so I treat them as a subclass of occlusive meaning. The briefness of the visit seems to arise from context and pragmatic knowledge, as it appears only with certain goalcomple ...
Final Review PowerPoint
Final Review PowerPoint

...  1. Conjunction cum means “when” most often (page 161)  1. a. If the cum clause follows the main clause, the indicative is used (page 162)  1.b. If cum means “whenever”, then the indicative is used (page 162)  2. Primary Sequence: cum means “when” with a present or future idea, the indicative is ...
A Brief Syntactic Typology of Philippine Languages
A Brief Syntactic Typology of Philippine Languages

... full range of recognized subgroups within the Philippines. A syntactic typology can best be achieved when the languages are described within the same theoretical framework. It should be clear that such a situation is difficult to achieve, in that most language descriptions are the products of their ...
On the expression of TAM on nouns: Evidence from Tundra Nenets
On the expression of TAM on nouns: Evidence from Tundra Nenets

... or the time at which the predicate embedded within this NP is true. In the former analysis, it would be appropriate to categorize predestinatives as nominal mood because their distribution parallels the distribution of (dependent) verbal moods, in particular, subjunctive or irrealis. In the latter a ...
Hudson`s Teach Yourself New Testament Greek
Hudson`s Teach Yourself New Testament Greek

... or capital, script. In many Greek texts printed today capital letters are only used for proper names, though some also print them at the beginning of a sentence or paragraph, but this is not necessary and you can safely leave them out at Out of the present, and pick them up as you go along. twenty-f ...
On Verb-Initial and Verb-Final Word Orders in Lokaa.
On Verb-Initial and Verb-Final Word Orders in Lokaa.

... minor variant of one of these), so this can be considered an obligatory element in the Lokaa clause More important for our purposes is the agreement prefix, seen on all the verbs in (8), and indeed on all Lokaa verbs except for imperatives and gerunds. The obvious function of this prefix is to expr ...
Chapter 7: Subordinate Clauses
Chapter 7: Subordinate Clauses

... is used in passive VPs, as well as in perfect VPs); this label is less misleading since -en/ed participle clauses are always passive in sense, while -ing participles can be active or passive. 22. The contestant knowing the most answers will win the game.. 23. The victim splattered with blood stood h ...
PP Adverbs - WordPress.com
PP Adverbs - WordPress.com

... Adverbs that tell us how often express the frequency of an action. They are usually placed before the main verb but after auxiliary verbs (such as be, have, may, & must). The only exception is when the main verb is "to be", in which case the adverb goes after the main verb. EXAMPLES : • I often eat ...
Mende Grammar Essentials
Mende Grammar Essentials

... When the Mende language is compared to Greenberg's Language Universals (Universal of Language 2nd ed.) it seems that the Mende language agrees rather well to Greenberg's universals. The following universals correspond with the Mende language. U1. In declarative sentences with nominal subject and obj ...
Temporal Anteriority of the Arabic Perfect in Relative Clauses
Temporal Anteriority of the Arabic Perfect in Relative Clauses

... Dahlgren‘s (2005:155) grammar include a paragraph on the Imperfect in relative clauses (‖Användning av imperfect i ...
the passive - englishdepartmentbaio
the passive - englishdepartmentbaio

... 13. The newspapers are reporting that the most outstanding athletes represent their country. ________________________________________________________________ 14. They say that the meeting will be held here ...
0525 GERMAN (FOREIGN LANGUAGE)  MARK SCHEME for the May/June 2015 series
0525 GERMAN (FOREIGN LANGUAGE) MARK SCHEME for the May/June 2015 series

... Subject (=subject noun or pronoun including article or possessive) + any finite verb Disregard adjectives, relative clauses, qualifiers and modifiers when looking at the ‘subject’  Minor spelling errors in the subject will be tolerated  Capitalisation of nouns will be considered under Other lingui ...
0525 german (foreign language)
0525 german (foreign language)

... Subject (=subject noun or pronoun including article or possessive) + any finite verb Disregard adjectives, relative clauses, qualifiers and modifiers when looking at the ‘subject’  Minor spelling errors in the subject will be tolerated  Capitalisation of nouns will be considered under Other lingui ...
0520 FRENCH (FOREIGN LANGUAGE)  MARK SCHEME for the May/June 2014 series
0520 FRENCH (FOREIGN LANGUAGE) MARK SCHEME for the May/June 2014 series

... In the case of a deliberately evasive answer which consists entirely of irrelevant material exploited in defiance of the rubric, a score of 0/25 is given. These are rare in IGCSE. The genuine attempt to answer the question which fails due to a misunderstanding of the rubric will normally lose Commun ...
Untitled - Cognella Titles Store
Untitled - Cognella Titles Store

... I asked him what he was thinking. He explained: You know how the teacher is always starting into a new subject with lots of excitement, but after a couple of weeks she moves on to a new subject? These times tables don’t interest me, so I’m going to sit them out and wait for the teacher to get excite ...
view - Association for Computational Linguistics
view - Association for Computational Linguistics

... CPs are lexicalized. In many cases, the meaning of a CP is not fully predictable from the meaning of its components. N-V combinations are subject to various levels of lexicalization. In some cases, the CP meaning is a specialization of the predictable meaning of the combination. For instance čâqu ...
Split Infinitive
Split Infinitive

... Fill in the gaps using infinitives where necessary : a. The Headmaster advised me ……….. study regularly. b. This is an easy chair ……….. sit on. c. Munira is eager ………….. study engineering. d. He need not ………….. do whatever he likes. e. This is a house ………. let. f. You had better ……………. go than stay ...
Grammar in the Vertical Alignment + Teaching Parallel Structure
Grammar in the Vertical Alignment + Teaching Parallel Structure

... [Two adverb subordinate clauses are parallel.] Not parallel and out of balance: Patrick fumbled the football four times during the game, and three of those times the ball was lost in the red zone, but his team still managed to eek out a 7 – 6 victory. [This sentence contains three independent clause ...
A Realization Optimality-Theoretic approach to affix order
A Realization Optimality-Theoretic approach to affix order

... According to Haspelmath (1993), ‘‘Lezgian is spoken by about 400,000 people in southern Daghestan and northern Azerbaijan in the eastern Caucasus . . . Lezgian morphology is overwhelmingly suffixing and agglutinating’’ (p. 4). We focus our discussion on the data of the lowland Güne dialect, which i ...
Adverbs
Adverbs

... • Adverbs of degree are the hardest type of adverb to locate in a sentence. • Adverbs of manner tell “how much?” or “to what degree?” something occurs. • Adverbs of manner are often the ones that describe adjectives or other adverbs. Example: I am very tired. (To what degree am I tired? Very. “Very” ...
The lexical category auxiliary in Sinhala
The lexical category auxiliary in Sinhala

... never occurs outside this construction, it is unclear what part of speech it derives from, or what its own lexical meaning would be. The 55ehaviour of gannə differs from the grammaticization paths that have been taken by yannə ‘go’ and dennə ‘give’. While the latter take non-finite complements of an ...
Positional and Grammatical Variations of Time Words in Takivatan
Positional and Grammatical Variations of Time Words in Takivatan

... semantic head of a predicate or in auxiliary verb slots preceding the predicate head. Morphological indicators of verb-like behavior are an ability to combine with certain verbal prefixes, TAM affixes, and focus marking (see §1.3). A complementizer tu following a clause-initial time word is typicall ...
Cognition, Grammaticalization and Syntactic Change. The
Cognition, Grammaticalization and Syntactic Change. The

... in speech and its subsequent written manifestations. The view which in our opinion best reflects the nature of the process is presented by Traugott as “a gradient phenomenon, whereby forms and constructions that at first express primarily concrete, lexical, and objective meanings come through repeat ...
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Russian grammar

Russian grammar (Russian: грамматика русского языка; IPA: [ɡrɐˈmatʲɪkə ˈruskəvə jɪzɨˈka]; also русская грамматика; IPA: [ˈruskəjə ɡrɐˈmatʲɪkə]) encompasses: a highly inflexional morphology a syntax that, for the literary language, is the conscious fusion of three elements: a Church Slavonic inheritance; a Western European style; a polished vernacular foundation.The Russian language has preserved an Indo-European inflexional structure, although considerable adaption has taken place.The spoken language has been influenced by the literary one, but it continues to preserve some characteristic forms. Russian dialects show various non-standard grammatical features, some of which are archaisms or descendants of old forms discarded by the literary language.NOTE: In the discussion below, various terms are used in the meaning they have in standard Russian discussions of historical grammar. In particular, aorist, imperfect, etc. are considered verbal tenses rather than aspects, because ancient examples of them are attested for both perfective and imperfective verbs.
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