Review Getting Formal with Dopamine and Reward
... drug addiction. In view of these well-established results, several studies investigated neuronal mechanisms of reward by studying the impulse activity of single neurons in the dopamine system and other presumptive reward structures. In particular, we were interested to understand which specific info ...
... drug addiction. In view of these well-established results, several studies investigated neuronal mechanisms of reward by studying the impulse activity of single neurons in the dopamine system and other presumptive reward structures. In particular, we were interested to understand which specific info ...
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... Sound stimuli cannot be used to investigate how signals in different parts of the cortex influence behavior because any given sound stimulus could activate thousands or millions of neurons distributed across many cortical areas, thereby making it impossible to attribute behavioral consequences to sp ...
... Sound stimuli cannot be used to investigate how signals in different parts of the cortex influence behavior because any given sound stimulus could activate thousands or millions of neurons distributed across many cortical areas, thereby making it impossible to attribute behavioral consequences to sp ...
Glia-Derived D-Serine Controls NMDA Receptor Activity and
... in the synaptic cleft and, therefore, to a reduction of NMDAR activity. Indeed, the AMPA/NMDA ratio measured in the SON of lactating rats (4.2 ± 0.9; n = 24) was significantly larger than that measured in the SON of virgin animals (p < 0.05) whereas it was not statistically different from that obser ...
... in the synaptic cleft and, therefore, to a reduction of NMDAR activity. Indeed, the AMPA/NMDA ratio measured in the SON of lactating rats (4.2 ± 0.9; n = 24) was significantly larger than that measured in the SON of virgin animals (p < 0.05) whereas it was not statistically different from that obser ...
Quick Quiz 1 - child-development-2011
... 5.25 The ___________ system is composed of the brain and the nerves that extend throughout the body. a. nervous c. cardiovascular b. lymph d. blood Chapter Section: Growth and Stability Answer: a Page(s): 120 Type: Factual Rationale: The nervous system is composed of the brain and the nerves that e ...
... 5.25 The ___________ system is composed of the brain and the nerves that extend throughout the body. a. nervous c. cardiovascular b. lymph d. blood Chapter Section: Growth and Stability Answer: a Page(s): 120 Type: Factual Rationale: The nervous system is composed of the brain and the nerves that e ...
Making Mirrors: Premotor Cortex Stimulation
... a movement involving a different muscle. After such training, action observation enhances MEPs from the nonmatching muscle (Catmur, Walsh, & Heyes, 2007). It is not known whether these counter-mirror effects involve the same brain areas that are involved in mirror effects. A demonstration that coun ...
... a movement involving a different muscle. After such training, action observation enhances MEPs from the nonmatching muscle (Catmur, Walsh, & Heyes, 2007). It is not known whether these counter-mirror effects involve the same brain areas that are involved in mirror effects. A demonstration that coun ...
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... have been proposed by a number of other investigators, such as those who are quoted in Fig. 2. Although they have concluded that the hypocretinergic system plays a key role in certain aspects of survival behaviors, the data have not been organized in a manner that allows one to examine the comprehen ...
... have been proposed by a number of other investigators, such as those who are quoted in Fig. 2. Although they have concluded that the hypocretinergic system plays a key role in certain aspects of survival behaviors, the data have not been organized in a manner that allows one to examine the comprehen ...
A Split-LexA-based Concatenate Expression System for
... leucine zippers (zip) from the Split Gal4 system (supplementary Figure S1). We then tested the efficacy of the resulting "zipLexADBD" and "VP16ADzip" constructs in Drosophila S2 cells. When co-expressed, the two complementary domains drove strong expression of a LexAop-GFP reporter (supplementary Fi ...
... leucine zippers (zip) from the Split Gal4 system (supplementary Figure S1). We then tested the efficacy of the resulting "zipLexADBD" and "VP16ADzip" constructs in Drosophila S2 cells. When co-expressed, the two complementary domains drove strong expression of a LexAop-GFP reporter (supplementary Fi ...
Get PDF - IOS Press
... (NT-3 and NT-4) established a small family of related ligands and receptors. These neurotrophins are more widely expressed in the CNS than NGF. BDNF and NT-3 are highly expressed in cortical and hippocampal structures, and have been linked to the survival and functioning of multiple neuronal populat ...
... (NT-3 and NT-4) established a small family of related ligands and receptors. These neurotrophins are more widely expressed in the CNS than NGF. BDNF and NT-3 are highly expressed in cortical and hippocampal structures, and have been linked to the survival and functioning of multiple neuronal populat ...
Learning to represent reward structure: A key to adapting to complex
... the heart of the formulation, and they are called the value function and TD error, respectively. The value function defines a solution for the balancing problem, while TD error provides a means for learning ability. The value function solves the balancing problem by summing the numeric over the trans ...
... the heart of the formulation, and they are called the value function and TD error, respectively. The value function defines a solution for the balancing problem, while TD error provides a means for learning ability. The value function solves the balancing problem by summing the numeric over the trans ...
Microevolution of neuroendocrine mechanisms
... therefore phenotype? Sophisticated molecular genetics and cell biology are uncovering more and more about heredity and cell function related to these questions, and new approaches in ecology and evolutionary biology are explaining how organismal interactions and selection result in changes in popula ...
... therefore phenotype? Sophisticated molecular genetics and cell biology are uncovering more and more about heredity and cell function related to these questions, and new approaches in ecology and evolutionary biology are explaining how organismal interactions and selection result in changes in popula ...
PMAPh_Kirke_AISB_final6
... stream of pulses. The pulses are transmitted at a variable rate. This can be compared to the variable rate of pulses in biological neural networks in the brain, with such pulse rates being considered as encoding information. In PMAP this pulse rate specifically encodes a represention of the arousal ...
... stream of pulses. The pulses are transmitted at a variable rate. This can be compared to the variable rate of pulses in biological neural networks in the brain, with such pulse rates being considered as encoding information. In PMAP this pulse rate specifically encodes a represention of the arousal ...
Regions of the Brain
... Brace neurons Form barrier between capillaries and neurons Control the chemical environment of the brain ...
... Brace neurons Form barrier between capillaries and neurons Control the chemical environment of the brain ...
Age-Related Uptake of Heavy Metals in Human Spinal Interneurons
... In eight individuals aged between 61 and 95 years (33% of people in this age range) AMGHM staining was present in the cytoplasm of spinal interneurons (Table 1). AMGHM interneurons were situated between, or within, groups of α-motoneurons (Figs 1 and 2). The number of AMGHM interneurons per section ...
... In eight individuals aged between 61 and 95 years (33% of people in this age range) AMGHM staining was present in the cytoplasm of spinal interneurons (Table 1). AMGHM interneurons were situated between, or within, groups of α-motoneurons (Figs 1 and 2). The number of AMGHM interneurons per section ...
- Valiente Lab
... controls the development of inhibitory circuitries in the mammalian cerebral cortex by cell-autonomously regulating the connectivity of specific GABA (c-aminobutyric acid)-containing interneurons. In contrast to the prevalent view, which supports a role for these genes in the formation and function ...
... controls the development of inhibitory circuitries in the mammalian cerebral cortex by cell-autonomously regulating the connectivity of specific GABA (c-aminobutyric acid)-containing interneurons. In contrast to the prevalent view, which supports a role for these genes in the formation and function ...
Depression of Acetylcholinesterase Synthesis Following Transient
... enkephalin and tachykinins was markedly decreased (Chesselet et al 1990) These studies suggest that cholinergic neurons are more resistant to ischemia than other neurons In view of existing differences we decided to investigate the changes in AChE synthesis after cerebral ischemia Since a transient ...
... enkephalin and tachykinins was markedly decreased (Chesselet et al 1990) These studies suggest that cholinergic neurons are more resistant to ischemia than other neurons In view of existing differences we decided to investigate the changes in AChE synthesis after cerebral ischemia Since a transient ...
Biologically Inspired Adaptive Dynamic Walking of the Quadruped
... by the exor and extensor muscles. Each muscle receives a control signal from an motor neuron at the spinal cord. Shik[5] investigated the motion generation mechanism of a decerebrate cat and found that CPG is located in the spinal cord, and that walking motions are autonomously generated by the n ...
... by the exor and extensor muscles. Each muscle receives a control signal from an motor neuron at the spinal cord. Shik[5] investigated the motion generation mechanism of a decerebrate cat and found that CPG is located in the spinal cord, and that walking motions are autonomously generated by the n ...
Intrinsic and synaptic plasticity in the vestibular system
... calcium influx that occurs with each action potential: decreases in CaMKII activity oppose excitability by reducing BK currents. This unusual form of plasticity might be common to spontaneously active neurons throughout the brain, and would not have been observed in typical plasticity studies that c ...
... calcium influx that occurs with each action potential: decreases in CaMKII activity oppose excitability by reducing BK currents. This unusual form of plasticity might be common to spontaneously active neurons throughout the brain, and would not have been observed in typical plasticity studies that c ...
ANALYSIS OF THE ACTIVITY OF THE CHAINS
... actual anatomical complexity of the nerve centers to simple diagrams suitable for theoretical arguments. Within the extreme variety of connections established by any one neuron with neurons of the same or of distant pools there is a systematic repetition of two fundamental types of circuit, which ma ...
... actual anatomical complexity of the nerve centers to simple diagrams suitable for theoretical arguments. Within the extreme variety of connections established by any one neuron with neurons of the same or of distant pools there is a systematic repetition of two fundamental types of circuit, which ma ...
MOTION DETECTION MECHANISMS
... Implementations. In the space-time correlation view, temporal delays and multiplication are the essential ingredients to detect motion. While temporal delays are part and parcel of neural responses, multiplication of two signals is not as straightforward. Much of the research at the implementation l ...
... Implementations. In the space-time correlation view, temporal delays and multiplication are the essential ingredients to detect motion. While temporal delays are part and parcel of neural responses, multiplication of two signals is not as straightforward. Much of the research at the implementation l ...
Towards Detection of Brain Tumor in Electroencephalogram
... versions of the dot product, and a radial basis function. The radial basis function SVM appears to provide superior performance in classifying functional classes of EEG signal when compared to the other SVM similarity metrics. EEG records carry information about abnormalities or responses to certain ...
... versions of the dot product, and a radial basis function. The radial basis function SVM appears to provide superior performance in classifying functional classes of EEG signal when compared to the other SVM similarity metrics. EEG records carry information about abnormalities or responses to certain ...