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Aneuploidy and DNA Replication in the Normal Human Brain and
Aneuploidy and DNA Replication in the Normal Human Brain and

pdf format - Mason Posner
pdf format - Mason Posner

... the primary neurotransmitter — to dopaminergic neurons. Such strengthening increases the chance that the synapse will release glutamate and is caused by the recruitment of new AMPA receptors (a class of glutamate receptor) to glutamatergic synapses on dopaminergic neurons. In agreement with an earli ...
The Ten-Percent Myth
The Ten-Percent Myth

... energy." The average human brain weighs about three pounds and comprises the hefty cerebrum, which is the largest portion and performs all higher cognitive functions; the cerebellum, responsible for motor functions, such as the coordination of movement and balance; and the brain stem, dedicated to i ...
Autonomic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System

... d. Note: some research papers suggest that adipose tissue could be included as a new involuntary effector. However, this is mostly through hormonal control of the sympathetic nervous system, not neurotransmitter. ...
Feeding in an Artificial Insect
Feeding in an Artificial Insect

... also proven to be essential for explaining the behavior of simpler animals as well. Unfortunately, the explanatory utility of these internal factors is limited by the fact that they are hypothetical constructs, inferred by the theorist to intervene between stimulus and action in order to account for ...
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

... The corticospinal tract fibers traverse through the brainstem where most of them cross at the medulla becoming the lateral pyramidal tract. Their course then continues on down the spinal cord where they travel in the anterior horn before exiting the spinal cord to control extremity muscle activity. ...
Beyond Control: The Dynamics of Brain-Body
Beyond Control: The Dynamics of Brain-Body

... six-legged body (Fig. 2A; Beer, 1990; Beer & Gallagher, 1992). Each leg was composed of a joint actuated by two opposing swing ‘‘muscles’’ and a binary foot (Fig. 2B). When the foot was ‘‘down’’, any torque produced by the muscles applied a translational force to the body under Newtonian mechanics. ...
Growth and Development of Infants
Growth and Development of Infants

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Choline Esters
Choline Esters

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Lecoq J, Savall J, Vucinic D, Grewe BF, Kim H, Li
Lecoq J, Savall J, Vucinic D, Grewe BF, Kim H, Li

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Functional and Dysfunctional Aspects of the Cerebral Cortex
Functional and Dysfunctional Aspects of the Cerebral Cortex

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Messages from the Brain Connectivity Regarding Neural Correlates
Messages from the Brain Connectivity Regarding Neural Correlates

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Optimal Recall from Bounded Metaplastic Synapses: Predicting
Optimal Recall from Bounded Metaplastic Synapses: Predicting

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... donated brains at autopsy. Some early results indicate: • Mentally stimulating activity protects the brain in some ways. • In early life, higher skills in grammar and density of ideas are associated with protection against AD in late life. ...
Alzheimer`s Disease: Unraveling the Mystery.
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... donated brains at autopsy. Some early results indicate: • Mentally stimulating activity protects the brain in some ways. • In early life, higher skills in grammar and density of ideas are associated with protection against AD in late life. ...
Further Cognitive Science
Further Cognitive Science

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Interval time coding by neurons in the presupplementary and
Interval time coding by neurons in the presupplementary and

... primates and other animals3–6. Previous studies using behavioral tasks that require the anticipation of event timing or decision making in the temporal domain, as well as the perception of elapsed time or discrimination of the duration of sensory signals, have demonstrated the importance of cortico- ...
Preview as PDF - Pearson Higher Education
Preview as PDF - Pearson Higher Education

... protects the neuron, it also speeds up the neural message traveling down the axon. As shown in Figure 2.1, sections of myelin bump up next to each other on the axon, similar to the way sausages are linked together. The places where the myelin seems to bump are actually small spaces on the axon calle ...
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... and they looked like ghost cells when stained with PAS (Figure 1B). In face A, focal infarction evolved and developed among the disseminated selective neuronal necrosis from 12 hours to 4 days, and foamy macrophages increased in number in the liquefaction necrosis from 4 to 7 days. By 2 to 8 weeks a ...
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1 Understanding Neurotransmission and the Disease of Addiction (2

... A neuron usually has multiple processes, or fibers, called dendrites that extend from the cell body. These processes usually branch out somewhat like tree branches and serve as the main apparatus for receiving input into the neuron from other nerve cells. The cell body also gives rise to the axon. A ...
The contribution of intrinsic membrane dynamics to fast network
The contribution of intrinsic membrane dynamics to fast network

... of networks of inhibitory LIF neurons depends on the time constants of the recurrent synaptic currents. With physiologically reasonable time constants, the population frequency is ⬎100 Hz and can be as high as 300 Hz, whereas single cells fire irregularly and at a much lower rate than the population ...
The Central Nervous System
The Central Nervous System

... tongue, and muscles of the neck, back, and shoulders. They also provide sensation from the face, neck, and upper chest and autonomic innervation to thoracic and abdominopelvic organs. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
Synaptic pathways and inhibitory gates in the spinal cord dorsal horn
Synaptic pathways and inhibitory gates in the spinal cord dorsal horn

... that pain is allodynia, a painful response to a normally nonpainful stimulus. Behavioral studies have demonstrated that pharmacological disruption of dorsal horn inhibition in vivo using intrathecal antagonists for GABAA or glycine receptors transiently causes allodynia.6–8 This suggests that inhibi ...
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Nervous system network models

Network of human nervous system comprises nodes (for example, neurons) that are connected by links (for example, synapses). The connectivity may be viewed anatomically, functionally, or electrophysiologically. These are presented in several Wikipedia articles that include Connectionism (a.k.a. Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP)), Biological neural network, Artificial neural network (a.k.a. Neural network), Computational neuroscience, as well as in several books by Ascoli, G. A. (2002), Sterratt, D., Graham, B., Gillies, A., & Willshaw, D. (2011), Gerstner, W., & Kistler, W. (2002), and Rumelhart, J. L., McClelland, J. L., and PDP Research Group (1986) among others. The focus of this article is a comprehensive view of modeling a neural network (technically neuronal network based on neuron model). Once an approach based on the perspective and connectivity is chosen, the models are developed at microscopic (ion and neuron), mesoscopic (functional or population), or macroscopic (system) levels. Computational modeling refers to models that are developed using computing tools.
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