
pdf format - Mason Posner
... the primary neurotransmitter — to dopaminergic neurons. Such strengthening increases the chance that the synapse will release glutamate and is caused by the recruitment of new AMPA receptors (a class of glutamate receptor) to glutamatergic synapses on dopaminergic neurons. In agreement with an earli ...
... the primary neurotransmitter — to dopaminergic neurons. Such strengthening increases the chance that the synapse will release glutamate and is caused by the recruitment of new AMPA receptors (a class of glutamate receptor) to glutamatergic synapses on dopaminergic neurons. In agreement with an earli ...
The Ten-Percent Myth
... energy." The average human brain weighs about three pounds and comprises the hefty cerebrum, which is the largest portion and performs all higher cognitive functions; the cerebellum, responsible for motor functions, such as the coordination of movement and balance; and the brain stem, dedicated to i ...
... energy." The average human brain weighs about three pounds and comprises the hefty cerebrum, which is the largest portion and performs all higher cognitive functions; the cerebellum, responsible for motor functions, such as the coordination of movement and balance; and the brain stem, dedicated to i ...
Autonomic Nervous System
... d. Note: some research papers suggest that adipose tissue could be included as a new involuntary effector. However, this is mostly through hormonal control of the sympathetic nervous system, not neurotransmitter. ...
... d. Note: some research papers suggest that adipose tissue could be included as a new involuntary effector. However, this is mostly through hormonal control of the sympathetic nervous system, not neurotransmitter. ...
Feeding in an Artificial Insect
... also proven to be essential for explaining the behavior of simpler animals as well. Unfortunately, the explanatory utility of these internal factors is limited by the fact that they are hypothetical constructs, inferred by the theorist to intervene between stimulus and action in order to account for ...
... also proven to be essential for explaining the behavior of simpler animals as well. Unfortunately, the explanatory utility of these internal factors is limited by the fact that they are hypothetical constructs, inferred by the theorist to intervene between stimulus and action in order to account for ...
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
... The corticospinal tract fibers traverse through the brainstem where most of them cross at the medulla becoming the lateral pyramidal tract. Their course then continues on down the spinal cord where they travel in the anterior horn before exiting the spinal cord to control extremity muscle activity. ...
... The corticospinal tract fibers traverse through the brainstem where most of them cross at the medulla becoming the lateral pyramidal tract. Their course then continues on down the spinal cord where they travel in the anterior horn before exiting the spinal cord to control extremity muscle activity. ...
Beyond Control: The Dynamics of Brain-Body
... six-legged body (Fig. 2A; Beer, 1990; Beer & Gallagher, 1992). Each leg was composed of a joint actuated by two opposing swing ‘‘muscles’’ and a binary foot (Fig. 2B). When the foot was ‘‘down’’, any torque produced by the muscles applied a translational force to the body under Newtonian mechanics. ...
... six-legged body (Fig. 2A; Beer, 1990; Beer & Gallagher, 1992). Each leg was composed of a joint actuated by two opposing swing ‘‘muscles’’ and a binary foot (Fig. 2B). When the foot was ‘‘down’’, any torque produced by the muscles applied a translational force to the body under Newtonian mechanics. ...
Growth and Development of Infants
... Develop hand-eye coordination: Move hands and fingers in relation to what is seen ...
... Develop hand-eye coordination: Move hands and fingers in relation to what is seen ...
Choline Esters
... Release of transmitter occurs when voltagesensitive calcium channels in the terminal membrane are opened, allowing an influx of calcium. The resulting increase in intracellular calcium causes fusion of vesicles with the surface membrane and exocytotic expulsion of acetylcholine and cotransmitters in ...
... Release of transmitter occurs when voltagesensitive calcium channels in the terminal membrane are opened, allowing an influx of calcium. The resulting increase in intracellular calcium causes fusion of vesicles with the surface membrane and exocytotic expulsion of acetylcholine and cotransmitters in ...
Lecoq J, Savall J, Vucinic D, Grewe BF, Kim H, Li
... of somatic Ca2+ activity in V1 and LM during visual stimuli depended significantly on the mouse’s behavioral state, rising respectively from 0.032 ± 0.001 s−1 (mean ± s.e.m.) and 0.035 ± 0.002 s−1 when the mouse was resting, to 0.06 ± 0.002 s−1 and 0.08 ± 0.003 s−1 during locomotor behavior (two-tai ...
... of somatic Ca2+ activity in V1 and LM during visual stimuli depended significantly on the mouse’s behavioral state, rising respectively from 0.032 ± 0.001 s−1 (mean ± s.e.m.) and 0.035 ± 0.002 s−1 when the mouse was resting, to 0.06 ± 0.002 s−1 and 0.08 ± 0.003 s−1 during locomotor behavior (two-tai ...
Functional and Dysfunctional Aspects of the Cerebral Cortex
... response could be elicited. The central nervous system may correspondingly be organized to take care of large receptive fields, reaching the conscious level, and others of small receptive fields for local function at the brainstem level [44]. The strength of information processing performed by a corti ...
... response could be elicited. The central nervous system may correspondingly be organized to take care of large receptive fields, reaching the conscious level, and others of small receptive fields for local function at the brainstem level [44]. The strength of information processing performed by a corti ...
Document
... located within the gut wall, such as the immune cells, components of the intrinsic and extrinsic innervations, epithelial, vascular and smooth muscle systems. Disruption of this dynamic balance may lead to GI inflammation and to the further development of a number of debilitating intestinal patholog ...
... located within the gut wall, such as the immune cells, components of the intrinsic and extrinsic innervations, epithelial, vascular and smooth muscle systems. Disruption of this dynamic balance may lead to GI inflammation and to the further development of a number of debilitating intestinal patholog ...
Optimal Recall from Bounded Metaplastic Synapses: Predicting
... pattern from a noisy recall cue and limited-capacity (and therefore lossy) synapses as a probabilistic inference problem, and derive neural dynamics that implement approximate inference algorithms to solve this problem efficiently. In particular, for binary synapses with metaplastic states, we demon ...
... pattern from a noisy recall cue and limited-capacity (and therefore lossy) synapses as a probabilistic inference problem, and derive neural dynamics that implement approximate inference algorithms to solve this problem efficiently. In particular, for binary synapses with metaplastic states, we demon ...
Document
... donated brains at autopsy. Some early results indicate: • Mentally stimulating activity protects the brain in some ways. • In early life, higher skills in grammar and density of ideas are associated with protection against AD in late life. ...
... donated brains at autopsy. Some early results indicate: • Mentally stimulating activity protects the brain in some ways. • In early life, higher skills in grammar and density of ideas are associated with protection against AD in late life. ...
Alzheimer`s Disease: Unraveling the Mystery.
... donated brains at autopsy. Some early results indicate: • Mentally stimulating activity protects the brain in some ways. • In early life, higher skills in grammar and density of ideas are associated with protection against AD in late life. ...
... donated brains at autopsy. Some early results indicate: • Mentally stimulating activity protects the brain in some ways. • In early life, higher skills in grammar and density of ideas are associated with protection against AD in late life. ...
Further Cognitive Science
... Signals are received at the dendrites, processed in the cell body and a signal is output for processing by other cells via the axon. ...
... Signals are received at the dendrites, processed in the cell body and a signal is output for processing by other cells via the axon. ...
Interval time coding by neurons in the presupplementary and
... primates and other animals3–6. Previous studies using behavioral tasks that require the anticipation of event timing or decision making in the temporal domain, as well as the perception of elapsed time or discrimination of the duration of sensory signals, have demonstrated the importance of cortico- ...
... primates and other animals3–6. Previous studies using behavioral tasks that require the anticipation of event timing or decision making in the temporal domain, as well as the perception of elapsed time or discrimination of the duration of sensory signals, have demonstrated the importance of cortico- ...
Preview as PDF - Pearson Higher Education
... protects the neuron, it also speeds up the neural message traveling down the axon. As shown in Figure 2.1, sections of myelin bump up next to each other on the axon, similar to the way sausages are linked together. The places where the myelin seems to bump are actually small spaces on the axon calle ...
... protects the neuron, it also speeds up the neural message traveling down the axon. As shown in Figure 2.1, sections of myelin bump up next to each other on the axon, similar to the way sausages are linked together. The places where the myelin seems to bump are actually small spaces on the axon calle ...
PDF
... and they looked like ghost cells when stained with PAS (Figure 1B). In face A, focal infarction evolved and developed among the disseminated selective neuronal necrosis from 12 hours to 4 days, and foamy macrophages increased in number in the liquefaction necrosis from 4 to 7 days. By 2 to 8 weeks a ...
... and they looked like ghost cells when stained with PAS (Figure 1B). In face A, focal infarction evolved and developed among the disseminated selective neuronal necrosis from 12 hours to 4 days, and foamy macrophages increased in number in the liquefaction necrosis from 4 to 7 days. By 2 to 8 weeks a ...
1 Understanding Neurotransmission and the Disease of Addiction (2
... A neuron usually has multiple processes, or fibers, called dendrites that extend from the cell body. These processes usually branch out somewhat like tree branches and serve as the main apparatus for receiving input into the neuron from other nerve cells. The cell body also gives rise to the axon. A ...
... A neuron usually has multiple processes, or fibers, called dendrites that extend from the cell body. These processes usually branch out somewhat like tree branches and serve as the main apparatus for receiving input into the neuron from other nerve cells. The cell body also gives rise to the axon. A ...
The contribution of intrinsic membrane dynamics to fast network
... of networks of inhibitory LIF neurons depends on the time constants of the recurrent synaptic currents. With physiologically reasonable time constants, the population frequency is ⬎100 Hz and can be as high as 300 Hz, whereas single cells fire irregularly and at a much lower rate than the population ...
... of networks of inhibitory LIF neurons depends on the time constants of the recurrent synaptic currents. With physiologically reasonable time constants, the population frequency is ⬎100 Hz and can be as high as 300 Hz, whereas single cells fire irregularly and at a much lower rate than the population ...
The Central Nervous System
... tongue, and muscles of the neck, back, and shoulders. They also provide sensation from the face, neck, and upper chest and autonomic innervation to thoracic and abdominopelvic organs. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... tongue, and muscles of the neck, back, and shoulders. They also provide sensation from the face, neck, and upper chest and autonomic innervation to thoracic and abdominopelvic organs. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
Synaptic pathways and inhibitory gates in the spinal cord dorsal horn
... that pain is allodynia, a painful response to a normally nonpainful stimulus. Behavioral studies have demonstrated that pharmacological disruption of dorsal horn inhibition in vivo using intrathecal antagonists for GABAA or glycine receptors transiently causes allodynia.6–8 This suggests that inhibi ...
... that pain is allodynia, a painful response to a normally nonpainful stimulus. Behavioral studies have demonstrated that pharmacological disruption of dorsal horn inhibition in vivo using intrathecal antagonists for GABAA or glycine receptors transiently causes allodynia.6–8 This suggests that inhibi ...