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Action Potentials & Nerve Conduction
Action Potentials & Nerve Conduction

... • Depolarization- a decrease in the potential difference between the inside and outside of the cell. •Hyperpolarization- an increase in the potential difference between the inside and outside of the cell. • Repolarization- returning to the RMP from either direction. •Overshoot- when the inside of th ...
The role of Pitx3 in survival of midbrain dopaminergic neurons
The role of Pitx3 in survival of midbrain dopaminergic neurons

... The heterogeneity of midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons The mDA system (A8–A10 cell groups) is involved in many brain functions including motor control, reward, emotional and motivated behavior, and is of clinical importance because of its implication in neurological and psychiatric disorders. The ...
Divisions of the Nervous System
Divisions of the Nervous System

... – controls skeletal muscle contractions: voluntary and involuntary (reflexes) muscle ...
Nervous Systems
Nervous Systems

... To study the function of the human amygdala, researchers present adult subjects with an image followed by an unpleasant experience, such as a mild electrical shock. o After several trials, study participants experience autonomic arousal—as measured by increased heart rate or sweating—if they see the ...
The adult human testis produces millions of sperm
The adult human testis produces millions of sperm

... properties upon microglial cells. We have recently shown that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a long-chain polyunsatured fatty acid (L-PUFA) with potent immunomodulatory properties, exerts, through the modulation of microglial function, a proneurogenic effect (Ajmone Cat et al., 2011). Among extrinsic f ...
Goldman nottebohm neuronal production migration diff in adult female canary brain pnas 1983
Goldman nottebohm neuronal production migration diff in adult female canary brain pnas 1983

... cells displayed several long processes filled with arrays of microtubules and polyribosomes, indicative of dendrites. In one case, a labeled cell showed the above traits and an apparent axonal hillock containing fdaments and few ribosomes. We failed to see any unequivocal synaptic profiles on these ...
Bio 211 Lecture 18
Bio 211 Lecture 18

... • absolute - time when threshold stimulus does not start another action potential (Na+ channels inactivated) • relative – time when stronger threshold stimulus can start another action potential (Na+ channels restored, K+ channels begin ...
Neural Lineage Markers - Sigma
Neural Lineage Markers - Sigma

... nih.gov/info/2001report/appendixE.asp).5 However, as cellular subpopulations become identified and refined, new markers are always being identified. Sheikh et al. identified querkopf (QKF, aka MYST4, MORF, KAT6B) as a “stemness” marker in neural stem cells.6 Querkopf, belonging to a subclass of hist ...
NSC 201/BCS 240 Basic Neurobiology
NSC 201/BCS 240 Basic Neurobiology

... Old: nerves are continuous (reticular theory) New: nerve cells are separate, distinct entities (neuron doctrine) 1950s Electron microscope Uses an electron beam instead of light to form images; resolution 0.1nm (1 million times better than naked eye; 1 thousand x light)  neurons in contact, not con ...
Neural and Hormonal Communication
Neural and Hormonal Communication

... – Responds to a triggering event with maximal potential or not ...
Single Neurons
Single Neurons

... and False Negative was found it was ...
Self Assessment Chapter 11 - CM
Self Assessment Chapter 11 - CM

... • Bipolar neurons – with one axon and one dendrite and a cell body between them; found in eye and olfactory epithelium in nasal cavity • Pseudounipolar neurons – have only one fused axon that extends from cell body and divides into two processes: one process carries sensory information from sensory ...
Integumentary System
Integumentary System

... outermost layer of skin and it contains a lower layer of rapidly dividing cells that push cells upward as they die, and they begin to produce keratin forming the exposed layer of skin. Dermis-The dermis is the inner middle layer of skin that contains collagen fibers, blood vessels, nerve endings, gl ...
Hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death in cultured Aplysia sensory
Hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death in cultured Aplysia sensory

... of cell death in various organisms [15,26,27]. By producing free radicals, H 2 O 2 , a reactive oxygen species also causes depolarization [10,14,31] or hyperpolarization [3,8,20] of the resting membrane potential of various cells in many organisms. Though numerous studies have been carried out in th ...
house symposium 2015 - Instituto do Cérebro
house symposium 2015 - Instituto do Cérebro

... maturation of inhibitory GABAergic interneurons, which coordinate synaptic interactions among excitatory principal neurons and generate an oscillatory behavior responsible for facilitating the transfer of information among neuronal ensembles. A group of inhibitory interneurons which contain the calc ...
Nervous Nellie Circuit Lesson Summary: Neurons, or nerve cells
Nervous Nellie Circuit Lesson Summary: Neurons, or nerve cells

... 9. Ask students to write a reflection paragraph that describes how working with the Virtual Neurons software helped them learn about neurons and neuronal communication. 10. Ask for volunteers to share their reflections on using the Virtual Neurons software. Review (using clicker quiz, pop quiz) and ...
Test 4 Study Guide
Test 4 Study Guide

... Most metabolic and regulatory functions in a neuron happen at the soma Dendrites are the primary site for receiving signals from other neurons Oligodendrocytes form myelin in the spinal cord. Most of the myelin sheath is composed of lipids The myelin sheath is formed by cells Conduction speed of a n ...
Ch 13: Homeostasis: Active regulation of internal states
Ch 13: Homeostasis: Active regulation of internal states

Artificial Neural Networks.pdf
Artificial Neural Networks.pdf

... If the cloth put in the washing machine is 50% dirty then it adds 1 minute to the base of 10min(10+1=11min) The laundry can also be greasy at the same time ...
Nerve Cell Flashcards
Nerve Cell Flashcards

... Repolarization: Enough sodium ions flow out of the cell to make the membrane potential become negative Action Potential = depolarization + repolarization The nerve impulse arrives at the synaptic knob of the presynaptic cell, then the neurotransmitter is released. The NT binds to receptors on the po ...
Nerve Cell Flashcards
Nerve Cell Flashcards

... Repolarization: Enough sodium ions flow out of the cell to make the membrane potential become negative Action Potential = depolarization + repolarization The nerve impulse arrives at the synaptic knob of the presynaptic cell, then the neurotransmitter is released. The NT binds to receptors on the po ...
Week7
Week7

... spikes called action potentials. • Originating in the cell body, this spike travels down the axon and causes chemical neurotransmitters to be released at synaptic terminals. • This chemical diffuses across the synapse into dendrites of neighboring cells. ...
UNIT 4: Sensation and Perception I. Overview A. Sensation
UNIT 4: Sensation and Perception I. Overview A. Sensation

... Parallel processing – brain cell teams process combined information about color, movement, form, and depth e. Recognition – brain interprets the constructed image based on information from stored images Color Vision ...
THE PHYSICAL BASIS FUNCTION OF NEURONAL
THE PHYSICAL BASIS FUNCTION OF NEURONAL

... that is, signals are generated in and transmitted along them without decrement as the result of the movement of charged particles (ions). The properties of electrical signals allow neurons to carry information rapidly and accurately to coordinate actions involving many parts, or even all, of an anim ...
Neurons in the corpus callosum of the cat during postnatal
Neurons in the corpus callosum of the cat during postnatal

... Neurons in the corpus callosum of the cat all ages, the morphological characteristics of MAP2-positive cells were very variable; some cells exhibited short and poorly rami®ed processes, while others had well developed ones (Fig. 2C±E). Different morphological types were observed, pyramidal-like neu ...
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Channelrhodopsin



Channelrhodopsins are a subfamily of retinylidene proteins (rhodopsins) that function as light-gated ion channels. They serve as sensory photoreceptors in unicellular green algae, controlling phototaxis: movement in response to light. Expressed in cells of other organisms, they enable light to control electrical excitability, intracellular acidity, calcium influx, and other cellular processes. Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are the first discovered channelrhodopsins. Variants have been cloned from other algal species, and more are expected.
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