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Chapter 2 Power Point: The Biological Perspective
Chapter 2 Power Point: The Biological Perspective

... the PNS consisting of nerves that control all of the involuntary muscles, organs, and glands sensory pathway nerves coming from the sensory organs to the CNS consisting of sensory neurons. • Sympathetic division (fight-or-flight system) - part of the ANS that is responsible for reacting to stressful ...
SNP - Nature
SNP - Nature

... rat neurons and in human SHP-77 cells 20%, relative to the wildtype haplotype 1. C2775A: Amount of 5-HT in SY5Y cells expressing the TPH2-41Y allele 36% lower than cells expressing the TPH2-41S allele 4. AA haplotype had higher levels of TPH2 mRNA and protein, and higher 5-HT production than the wil ...
Neurons - Holterman
Neurons - Holterman

... 4. The sodium-potassium pump pushes 3 Na and 2 K against their concentration gradients using 1 ATP. It restores and maintains the resting potential by pushing more Na out of neuron and pushing more K into neuron. (But overall, it pushes more positive charges out of the cell than it brings in.) 5. T ...
Optical recording of electrical activity in intact neuronal networks
Optical recording of electrical activity in intact neuronal networks

... neuroscience is how simple processes in neurons can generate cognitive functions and form complex memories like those experienced by humans and animals. In principle, if one were able to record from all the neurons in a network involved in a given behavior, it would be possible to reconstruct the r ...
Responses to stimulating multiple inputs
Responses to stimulating multiple inputs

... this presynaptic neuron, and record the results. The time courses of the channels at each synapse are similar; however, the cells themselves differ in their resistive and capacitive properties, and in Erev. ...
BIOL241Neurophys11bJUL2012
BIOL241Neurophys11bJUL2012

... gradient (Note that neither chemical nor electrical equilibrium is required). •  Equilibrium Potential for a given ion is the electrical charge that must develop in order to balance the opposite tendency for that ion to move, resulting in an equilibrium. •  For example: it is the negative charge tha ...
Proceedings - Neuroscience Meetings
Proceedings - Neuroscience Meetings

... and KCC2 moving chloride out of the cell. The KCC2 function may be both upand down-regulated through a number of mechanisms which allow for the finetune adaptation to a varying transporting load which mostly depends on chloride ...
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA

... (9). We sorted a set of 24 geometrically distinct pictures into 12 pairs, so that the monkeys learned the combinations of the paired associates and retrieved the other pair member associated with each cue picture. Before the monkeys learned the task, the AC was surgically transected (Fig. 1 A and B) ...
Making Memories Stick
Making Memories Stick

... We and other developmental neuroscientists already suspected that mental experience might have some role in honing the brain's wiring plan. The fetal brain could start out with a rough neural circuitry that was specified by genetic instructions. Then, as the young brain developed and tested those co ...
Efficient gene delivery to the adult and fetal CNS using
Efficient gene delivery to the adult and fetal CNS using

... tract; SFFV, spleen focus-forming virus promoter; EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein; WPRE, woodchuck hepatitis virus posttranscriptional regulation element). The NI lentiviral vectors were pseudotyped with vesicular stomatitis virus G protein (VSVG), rabies and gp64 envelopes and stereotactic ...
Temporal delays among place cells determine the frequency of
Temporal delays among place cells determine the frequency of

... All data were collected while the rats were running on various tracks (14, 19–21). Fig. 1A illustrates the spatial distribution and temporal course of spiking of example neurons recorded in a single session. Spikes of active place cells showed robust theta phase precession as the rat moved across th ...
Signaling by truncated Dab1 protein - Development
Signaling by truncated Dab1 protein - Development

... pCDNA3 (used as a control). Twenty-four hours later, the cells were re-plated in 3 ml of Opti-MEM (GibcoBRL) on 6 cm bacterial dishes. Reelin or control supernatant was collected once a day for up to 3 days. Fresh Opti-MEM was replaced with each collection. Reelin protein expression was confirmed by ...
Connexionism and Computationalism
Connexionism and Computationalism

... Well in the case of the above example, it might, since there are only four neurons, but in a real BNN or ANN there are likely to be thousands of neurons in the hidden layer, so my hypothesis is safe and sound. But let’s think this out a little further. Our brains work using neural networks. That’s a ...
PROGRAM AND ABSTRACTS CATALYST FOR COLLABORATION AT EAST CAROLINA: TODAY AND TOMORROW
PROGRAM AND ABSTRACTS CATALYST FOR COLLABORATION AT EAST CAROLINA: TODAY AND TOMORROW

... That's where Alex Kolodkin comes in. His goal is to learn how proteins act as "guidance cues" for growing nerves, alternately repelling and attracting growth to keep a developing nerve on the right track inside the body. To define the basic principles of complex nervous system organization, his lab ...
Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling
Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

... o This represents the movement of far fewer ions than would be required to alter the chemical concentration gradient. ...
PDF
PDF

... dead neurons in the same penumbra. Regarding the maturation of the lesions in ischemic stroke,2 numerous studies investigating the delayed neuronal death have been performed during the past 3 decades.3– 6 In the classical neuropathology seen after cerebral ischemia, the cytoplasm of the ischemic neu ...
moth`s nervous system - Wageningen UR E
moth`s nervous system - Wageningen UR E

... associated with the MGC: the male-specific local and projection neurons. Stimulus quality. By means of intracellular recording and staining methods, we have examined the activity of AL neurons in response to stimulation of the ipsilateral antenna with each of the sex-pheromone components aswell as p ...
Embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cell
Embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cell

... mouse, and termed epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs) to distinguish them from the more primitive mES cells [26, 27]. Reflecting the developmentally more restricted stage of their origin, EpiSCs demonstrated a poor ability to contribute to chimeras and were germline incompetent [27, 28]. Interestingly, the ...
Tom`s JSNC2000 paper
Tom`s JSNC2000 paper

... feedback in real-time whenever those movements collided with one of the four nearby walls. The second goal was to demonstrate a systematic effect of the feedback on the movement of the ANIMAT resulting in a change in behavior as a result of experience in the 2D world. However, over the course of the ...
FIGURE LEGENDS FIGURE 5.1 Intracellular recording of the
FIGURE LEGENDS FIGURE 5.1 Intracellular recording of the

... activity generated by neurons in the mammalian CNS. (A) The repetitive impulse response of the classical Hodgkin–Huxley model (voltage recordings above, current traces below). With only INa and IK, the neuron generates a train of five action potentials in response to depolarization. Addition of IC ( ...
characterisation of dopamine neurons of the murine ventral
characterisation of dopamine neurons of the murine ventral

... This study, hopefully my first step on the journey of becoming an electrophysiologist, was carried out in the Neuropsychopharmacology research group in the Institute of Biomedicine, Pharmacology, at the University of Helsinki. I would like to thank Professor Esa Korpi for the outstanding opportunity ...
Harris KD. Neural signatures of cell assembly organization. Nat Rev
Harris KD. Neural signatures of cell assembly organization. Nat Rev

Brain Stem Catecholamine Mechanisms in Tonic and
Brain Stem Catecholamine Mechanisms in Tonic and

... Downloaded from http://hyper.ahajournals.org/ by guest on May 3, 2017 ...
Nat Methods 2015 Yu - Xiaokun Shu - University of California, San
Nat Methods 2015 Yu - Xiaokun Shu - University of California, San

Senses - Peoria Public Schools
Senses - Peoria Public Schools

... • Cornea is transparent and helps focus light rays - anterior portion of eye - contains few cells and blood vessels - many nerve fibers • Sclera is the white part of the eye - protects the eye and is an attachment for ...
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Channelrhodopsin



Channelrhodopsins are a subfamily of retinylidene proteins (rhodopsins) that function as light-gated ion channels. They serve as sensory photoreceptors in unicellular green algae, controlling phototaxis: movement in response to light. Expressed in cells of other organisms, they enable light to control electrical excitability, intracellular acidity, calcium influx, and other cellular processes. Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are the first discovered channelrhodopsins. Variants have been cloned from other algal species, and more are expected.
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