Chapter 4 PowerPoint
... • With four valence electrons, carbon can form four covalent bonds with a variety of atoms • This tetravalence makes large, complex molecules possible ...
... • With four valence electrons, carbon can form four covalent bonds with a variety of atoms • This tetravalence makes large, complex molecules possible ...
- Form when atoms SHARE electrons instead of transferring them
... its relative inertness compared to molecules like hydrogen and oxygen) is probably due to the triple bond. A few notes on the triple bond: - For atoms to share three pairs of electrons, they have to move closer to one another than they would if they were sharing one or two pairs of electrons. Triple ...
... its relative inertness compared to molecules like hydrogen and oxygen) is probably due to the triple bond. A few notes on the triple bond: - For atoms to share three pairs of electrons, they have to move closer to one another than they would if they were sharing one or two pairs of electrons. Triple ...
Midterm I: Answer Key
... For the same number of carbons, alcohols tend to be more soluble than ethers in water because hydroxyl hydrogen can make good hydrogen bonds with water. Ethyl propyl ether has solubility of 1 (or 1.8, depending who you believe) g/100 g water. ...
... For the same number of carbons, alcohols tend to be more soluble than ethers in water because hydroxyl hydrogen can make good hydrogen bonds with water. Ethyl propyl ether has solubility of 1 (or 1.8, depending who you believe) g/100 g water. ...
4.79 MB - KFUPM Resources v3
... which gives rise to short and strong carbon bonds and, hence, stable compounds. (14Si?? in the same group..) C atoms can form σ and strong π bonds. ...
... which gives rise to short and strong carbon bonds and, hence, stable compounds. (14Si?? in the same group..) C atoms can form σ and strong π bonds. ...
Midterm 2 Review slides from November 15
... valence electrons are in the localized atomic orbitals of isolated atoms these are the s,p,d,f ,p, , orbitals bond is formed from overlap of half-filled valence orbitals, spin-pairing of valence electrons if the interactions ...
... valence electrons are in the localized atomic orbitals of isolated atoms these are the s,p,d,f ,p, , orbitals bond is formed from overlap of half-filled valence orbitals, spin-pairing of valence electrons if the interactions ...
Ch 4 Carbon & Molec Divrsty
... carbon compounds • Organic chemistry is the study of compounds containing carbon • Organic compounds range from simple molecules to colossal ones • Most organic compounds contain hydrogen atoms as well as carbon atoms • Vitalism said that organic compounds are only in organisms; disproved when chemi ...
... carbon compounds • Organic chemistry is the study of compounds containing carbon • Organic compounds range from simple molecules to colossal ones • Most organic compounds contain hydrogen atoms as well as carbon atoms • Vitalism said that organic compounds are only in organisms; disproved when chemi ...
Developing Lewis structures 1) Add up all the valence electrons for
... 1) Add up all the valence electrons for all atoms. For ions, add one electron for each negative charge; subtract one electron for each positive charge. 2) Connect the atoms using lines to represent bonding pairs of electrons. The central atom is usually that wich is least electronegative. (In most o ...
... 1) Add up all the valence electrons for all atoms. For ions, add one electron for each negative charge; subtract one electron for each positive charge. 2) Connect the atoms using lines to represent bonding pairs of electrons. The central atom is usually that wich is least electronegative. (In most o ...
Camp 1
... • Monosaccharides have -OH and C=O groups in the same molecule and exist almost entirely as five- and six-membered cyclic hemiacetals • anomeric carbon: the new stereocenter resulting from cyclic hemiacetal formation • anomers: carbohydrates that differ in configuration only at their anomeric carbon ...
... • Monosaccharides have -OH and C=O groups in the same molecule and exist almost entirely as five- and six-membered cyclic hemiacetals • anomeric carbon: the new stereocenter resulting from cyclic hemiacetal formation • anomers: carbohydrates that differ in configuration only at their anomeric carbon ...
CH 10a - faculty.piercecollege.edu
... CHAPTER 10 – ORGANIC CHEMISTRY In 18th century classified compounds as organic & inorganic. (organic – produced by living organisms, could not synthesize from inorganic compounds; inorganic – rocks, minerals) Wohler (1828): synthesized an organic compound from 2 inorganic compounds: NH4Cl ...
... CHAPTER 10 – ORGANIC CHEMISTRY In 18th century classified compounds as organic & inorganic. (organic – produced by living organisms, could not synthesize from inorganic compounds; inorganic – rocks, minerals) Wohler (1828): synthesized an organic compound from 2 inorganic compounds: NH4Cl ...
Contents - New Age International
... two hydrogen atoms in their molecular formulae. (Note that alkanes, alkenes and alkynes are also different homologous series). Isomerism: In carbon compounds, different compounds are formed with different structures with the same molecular formula. These compounds are called isomers and the phenomen ...
... two hydrogen atoms in their molecular formulae. (Note that alkanes, alkenes and alkynes are also different homologous series). Isomerism: In carbon compounds, different compounds are formed with different structures with the same molecular formula. These compounds are called isomers and the phenomen ...
136KB - NZQA
... 1,2-dibromoethene can form cis and trans isomers because it has a double bond. The double bond between two carbon atoms does not allow any rotation of atoms around it. As well as the double bond, the C atoms directly attached to it must have two different atoms or groups attached to them. For 1,2-di ...
... 1,2-dibromoethene can form cis and trans isomers because it has a double bond. The double bond between two carbon atoms does not allow any rotation of atoms around it. As well as the double bond, the C atoms directly attached to it must have two different atoms or groups attached to them. For 1,2-di ...
aminoalkanes (or amines)
... The low molecular mass aminoalkanes have relatively high melting and boiling point due to hydrogen bonds, but the properties of larger aminoalkanes are dominated by the alkyl groups and weak dipole-dipole interactions Aminomethane and aminoethane are gases Aminopropane and aminobutane are volatile ...
... The low molecular mass aminoalkanes have relatively high melting and boiling point due to hydrogen bonds, but the properties of larger aminoalkanes are dominated by the alkyl groups and weak dipole-dipole interactions Aminomethane and aminoethane are gases Aminopropane and aminobutane are volatile ...
Step 1
... positive inductive effect of alkyl groups). One might expect using the same trend that tertiary amine would be the strongest amine base but the trend does not hold. The tertiary amines and corresponding ammonium salts are less soluble in water and this makes them less strong bases than the secon ...
... positive inductive effect of alkyl groups). One might expect using the same trend that tertiary amine would be the strongest amine base but the trend does not hold. The tertiary amines and corresponding ammonium salts are less soluble in water and this makes them less strong bases than the secon ...
Chapter 8
... • b. Every three turns of Calvin cycle, there is net gain of one PGAL molecule; five PGAL regenerate RuBP. • c. First molecule identified by Calvin was PGA [C3], a three-carbon product; Calvin cycle is also known as C3 cycle. ...
... • b. Every three turns of Calvin cycle, there is net gain of one PGAL molecule; five PGAL regenerate RuBP. • c. First molecule identified by Calvin was PGA [C3], a three-carbon product; Calvin cycle is also known as C3 cycle. ...
Chemistry 282 Syllabus 2016
... and the laboratory components, you will fail CHEM282 (i.e. you will be given an F and 47% or your average mark, whichever is lower, as a numerical grade). Students who do not attend all lab sessions and do not submit all lab reports will be assigned a grade of incomplete (IN ) and be required to att ...
... and the laboratory components, you will fail CHEM282 (i.e. you will be given an F and 47% or your average mark, whichever is lower, as a numerical grade). Students who do not attend all lab sessions and do not submit all lab reports will be assigned a grade of incomplete (IN ) and be required to att ...
Lecture 3 Polar and non-polar covalent bonds
... The three major types of bonding found in most compounds are ionic, polar covalent, and nonpolar covalent bonds. • An ionic bond is the transfer of electrons. • A covalent bond is the sharing of electrons. • A polar covalent bond is between atoms of different electronegativity. • A nonpolar covalent ...
... The three major types of bonding found in most compounds are ionic, polar covalent, and nonpolar covalent bonds. • An ionic bond is the transfer of electrons. • A covalent bond is the sharing of electrons. • A polar covalent bond is between atoms of different electronegativity. • A nonpolar covalent ...
IUBAC naming organic compounds
... • Start from counting the number of carbon atoms in the longest chain - pent counts 5 carbons. • Are there any carbon-carbon double bonds? • No – an tells you there aren't any. • Now draw this carbon skeleton: • Put a methyl group on the number 2 carbon atom: ...
... • Start from counting the number of carbon atoms in the longest chain - pent counts 5 carbons. • Are there any carbon-carbon double bonds? • No – an tells you there aren't any. • Now draw this carbon skeleton: • Put a methyl group on the number 2 carbon atom: ...
Organic Chemistry PPT
... Organic Compounds • It used to be thought that only living things could synthesize the complicated carbon compounds found in cells • German chemists in the 1800’s learned how to do this in the lab, showing that “organic” compounds can be created by non-organic means. • Today, organic compounds are ...
... Organic Compounds • It used to be thought that only living things could synthesize the complicated carbon compounds found in cells • German chemists in the 1800’s learned how to do this in the lab, showing that “organic” compounds can be created by non-organic means. • Today, organic compounds are ...
Nucleophilic Addition to Carbonyl Groups
... becoming attached to the carbon and the proton becoming attached to the oxygen. The product is a hemiacetal which contains both alcohol and ether groups on the same carbon. The addition process is reversible ...
... becoming attached to the carbon and the proton becoming attached to the oxygen. The product is a hemiacetal which contains both alcohol and ether groups on the same carbon. The addition process is reversible ...
Aromaticity
In organic chemistry, the term aromaticity is formally used to describe an unusually stable nature of some flat rings of atoms. These structures contain a number of double bonds that interact with each other according to certain rules. As a result of their being so stable, such rings tend to form easily, and once formed, tend to be difficult to break in chemical reactions. Since one of the most commonly encountered aromatic system of compounds in organic chemistry is based on derivatives of the prototypical aromatic compound benzene (common in petroleum), the word “aromatic” is occasionally used to refer informally to benzene derivatives, and this is how it was first defined. Nevertheless, many non-benzene aromatic compounds exist. In living organisms, for example, the most common aromatic rings are the double-ringed bases in RNA and DNA.The earliest use of the term “aromatic” was in an article by August Wilhelm Hofmann in 1855. Hofmann used the term for a class of benzene compounds, many of which do have odors (unlike pure saturated hydrocarbons). Today, there is no general relationship between aromaticity as a chemical property and the olfactory properties of such compounds, although in 1855, before the structure of benzene or organic compounds was understood, chemists like Hofmann were beginning to understand that odiferous molecules from plants, such as terpenes, had chemical properties we recognize today are similar to unsaturated petroleum hydrocarbons like benzene.In terms of the electronic nature of the molecule, aromaticity describes the way a conjugated ring of unsaturated bonds, lone pairs of electrons, or empty molecular orbitals exhibit a stabilization stronger than would be expected by the stabilization of conjugation alone. Aromaticity can be considered a manifestation of cyclic delocalization and of resonance. This is usually considered to be because electrons are free to cycle around circular arrangements of atoms that are alternately single- and double-bonded to one another. These bonds may be seen as a hybrid of a single bond and a double bond, each bond in the ring identical to every other. This commonly seen model of aromatic rings, namely the idea that benzene was formed from a six-membered carbon ring with alternating single and double bonds (cyclohexatriene), was developed by August Kekulé (see History section below). The model for benzene consists of two resonance forms, which corresponds to the double and single bonds superimposing to produce six one-and-a-half bonds. Benzene is a more stable molecule than would be expected without accounting for charge delocalization.