PowerPoint lecture
... • All life is based on the same organic compounds: complex carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids • By processes of metabolism, cells assemble these molecules of life form monomers. They also break apart polymers into component monomers. • Functional groups impart chemical characteristic ...
... • All life is based on the same organic compounds: complex carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids • By processes of metabolism, cells assemble these molecules of life form monomers. They also break apart polymers into component monomers. • Functional groups impart chemical characteristic ...
Suggest a reason for the large difference in the boiling points of
... 2) reaction to distinguish between 1 , 2 and 3 alcohols 12 An aqueous solution of a gas (X) shows following reactions: It turns red litmus blue.When added in excess to a copper sulphate solution, a deep blue colour is obtained.On addition of ferric chloride solution a brownish precipitate soluble in ...
... 2) reaction to distinguish between 1 , 2 and 3 alcohols 12 An aqueous solution of a gas (X) shows following reactions: It turns red litmus blue.When added in excess to a copper sulphate solution, a deep blue colour is obtained.On addition of ferric chloride solution a brownish precipitate soluble in ...
Unit 13 Organic Chem R
... 1) Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds which may be single, double or triple. This is due to the four unpaired valence electrons that carbon has in its ground state. These four bonds have a TETRAHEDRAL arrangement. 2) Most organic compounds are nonpolar or weakly polar. This means that most are held toget ...
... 1) Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds which may be single, double or triple. This is due to the four unpaired valence electrons that carbon has in its ground state. These four bonds have a TETRAHEDRAL arrangement. 2) Most organic compounds are nonpolar or weakly polar. This means that most are held toget ...
Unit 13 Organic Chem R
... 1) Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds which may be single, double or triple. This is due to the four unpaired valence electrons that carbon has in its ground state. These four bonds have a TETRAHEDRAL arrangement. 2) Most organic compounds are nonpolar or weakly polar. This means that most are held toget ...
... 1) Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds which may be single, double or triple. This is due to the four unpaired valence electrons that carbon has in its ground state. These four bonds have a TETRAHEDRAL arrangement. 2) Most organic compounds are nonpolar or weakly polar. This means that most are held toget ...
Advanced Chemistry Midterm
... 36. Which of the following statements is part of Dalton’s atomic theory of matter? a. all atoms are identical b. all atoms of a given element are identical c. all atoms differ from on another d. all atoms of a given element have the same mass 37. The mass number of an atom is defined as its a. mass ...
... 36. Which of the following statements is part of Dalton’s atomic theory of matter? a. all atoms are identical b. all atoms of a given element are identical c. all atoms differ from on another d. all atoms of a given element have the same mass 37. The mass number of an atom is defined as its a. mass ...
Document
... Definition: Conformational isomers (conformers) are structures that differ only by rotation about a single bond. They cannot normally be separated and possess identical physical and chemical properties. No bonds are broken when one conformation is converted into another. For example, the following s ...
... Definition: Conformational isomers (conformers) are structures that differ only by rotation about a single bond. They cannot normally be separated and possess identical physical and chemical properties. No bonds are broken when one conformation is converted into another. For example, the following s ...
Outline for Chemistry of Life
... In living things the ions dissolve and exist as separate ions (these ions are sometimes called electrolytes) fig. 2.7 p. 23 ...
... In living things the ions dissolve and exist as separate ions (these ions are sometimes called electrolytes) fig. 2.7 p. 23 ...
Lecture 14 Organic and Biological Chemistry 1
... Molecular formula Number of atoms in a molecule (element or compound) e.g. C2H4O2 Empirical formula Simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound e.g. CH2O Structural formula Shows the shape and arrangement of atoms in a compound e.g. CH3COOH ...
... Molecular formula Number of atoms in a molecule (element or compound) e.g. C2H4O2 Empirical formula Simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound e.g. CH2O Structural formula Shows the shape and arrangement of atoms in a compound e.g. CH3COOH ...
Document
... the type of functional group involved in the reaction as a reactant and the functional group that is formed as a result of this reaction. ...
... the type of functional group involved in the reaction as a reactant and the functional group that is formed as a result of this reaction. ...
Unit 13 Organic Chem AE
... 1) Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds which may be single, double or triple. This is due to the four unpaired valence electrons that carbon has in its ground state. These four bonds have a TETRAHEDRAL arrangement. 2) Most organic compounds are nonpolar or weakly polar. This means that most are held toget ...
... 1) Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds which may be single, double or triple. This is due to the four unpaired valence electrons that carbon has in its ground state. These four bonds have a TETRAHEDRAL arrangement. 2) Most organic compounds are nonpolar or weakly polar. This means that most are held toget ...
Hybridization of atomic orbitals In general VSEPR predicts the
... Four equal bonds with equal HCH angles A covalent bond is formed by sharing two electrons by two atoms Imagine an orbital (containing 1 electron) from one atom overlaps with an orbital from the other atom to form the bond ...
... Four equal bonds with equal HCH angles A covalent bond is formed by sharing two electrons by two atoms Imagine an orbital (containing 1 electron) from one atom overlaps with an orbital from the other atom to form the bond ...
Hybridization of atomic orbitals In general VSEPR predicts the
... Four equal bonds with equal HCH angles A covalent bond is formed by sharing two electrons by two atoms Imagine an orbital (containing 1 electron) from one atom overlaps with an orbital from the other atom to form the bond ...
... Four equal bonds with equal HCH angles A covalent bond is formed by sharing two electrons by two atoms Imagine an orbital (containing 1 electron) from one atom overlaps with an orbital from the other atom to form the bond ...
F324 : Rings, Polymers and Analysis
... describe the use of tetramethylsilane, TMS, as the standard for chemical shift measurements; (f) state the need for deuterated solvents, eg CDCl3, when running an NMR spectrum; (g) describe the identification of O–H and N–H protons by proton exchange using D2O; (h) explain that NMR spectroscopy is t ...
... describe the use of tetramethylsilane, TMS, as the standard for chemical shift measurements; (f) state the need for deuterated solvents, eg CDCl3, when running an NMR spectrum; (g) describe the identification of O–H and N–H protons by proton exchange using D2O; (h) explain that NMR spectroscopy is t ...
Topic 4
... mixing/joining together/combining/merging of atomic orbitals to form molecular orbitals/new orbitals/orbitals of equal energy; Accept specific example such as mixing of s and p orbitals. sp; Do not award mark if sp2 or sp3 is also stated. one sigma and two pi (bonds); ...
... mixing/joining together/combining/merging of atomic orbitals to form molecular orbitals/new orbitals/orbitals of equal energy; Accept specific example such as mixing of s and p orbitals. sp; Do not award mark if sp2 or sp3 is also stated. one sigma and two pi (bonds); ...
quiz 2 -- chemistry
... What is the smallest unit of matter that cannot be divided into smaller units by chemical means? ...
... What is the smallest unit of matter that cannot be divided into smaller units by chemical means? ...
chapter 4 carbon and the molecular diversity of life
... In Chapter 2, you also learned that when a carbon atom forms single covalent bonds, the arrangement of its four hybrid orbitals causes the bonds to angle toward the corners of an imaginary tetrahedron (see FIGURE 2.15c). The bond angles in methane (CH4) are 109° (FIGURE a), and they are approximate ...
... In Chapter 2, you also learned that when a carbon atom forms single covalent bonds, the arrangement of its four hybrid orbitals causes the bonds to angle toward the corners of an imaginary tetrahedron (see FIGURE 2.15c). The bond angles in methane (CH4) are 109° (FIGURE a), and they are approximate ...
Lab #1 - North Carolina High School Computational Chemistry Server
... you see above and in the podcast tutorial. For this lab, you want to do a conformational analysis (potential energy scan, coordinate scan – we use these terms interchangeably, so get used to it!). Zantac is shown in Figure 4. Find the sulfur atom (yellow, with an S in it). We want to rotate the bond ...
... you see above and in the podcast tutorial. For this lab, you want to do a conformational analysis (potential energy scan, coordinate scan – we use these terms interchangeably, so get used to it!). Zantac is shown in Figure 4. Find the sulfur atom (yellow, with an S in it). We want to rotate the bond ...
Jordan University of Science and Technology
... 7. Prepare derivatives like esters, anhydrides, acid chlorides and amides from the corresponding carboxylic acids. 8. Understand the relationship between structure and acidity, basicity and reactivity of organic compounds. 9. Learn some applications of organic molecules and reactions in medicine bio ...
... 7. Prepare derivatives like esters, anhydrides, acid chlorides and amides from the corresponding carboxylic acids. 8. Understand the relationship between structure and acidity, basicity and reactivity of organic compounds. 9. Learn some applications of organic molecules and reactions in medicine bio ...
Document
... d. a weakly electronegative atom with an unshared pair of electrons. e. a highly electronegative atom covalently bonded to a hydrogen. 2. Which of the following statements about water is false? a. The H-O-H bond angle is 105º. b. Water can serve as both a donor and an acceptor in hydrogen bond forma ...
... d. a weakly electronegative atom with an unshared pair of electrons. e. a highly electronegative atom covalently bonded to a hydrogen. 2. Which of the following statements about water is false? a. The H-O-H bond angle is 105º. b. Water can serve as both a donor and an acceptor in hydrogen bond forma ...
Aromaticity
In organic chemistry, the term aromaticity is formally used to describe an unusually stable nature of some flat rings of atoms. These structures contain a number of double bonds that interact with each other according to certain rules. As a result of their being so stable, such rings tend to form easily, and once formed, tend to be difficult to break in chemical reactions. Since one of the most commonly encountered aromatic system of compounds in organic chemistry is based on derivatives of the prototypical aromatic compound benzene (common in petroleum), the word “aromatic” is occasionally used to refer informally to benzene derivatives, and this is how it was first defined. Nevertheless, many non-benzene aromatic compounds exist. In living organisms, for example, the most common aromatic rings are the double-ringed bases in RNA and DNA.The earliest use of the term “aromatic” was in an article by August Wilhelm Hofmann in 1855. Hofmann used the term for a class of benzene compounds, many of which do have odors (unlike pure saturated hydrocarbons). Today, there is no general relationship between aromaticity as a chemical property and the olfactory properties of such compounds, although in 1855, before the structure of benzene or organic compounds was understood, chemists like Hofmann were beginning to understand that odiferous molecules from plants, such as terpenes, had chemical properties we recognize today are similar to unsaturated petroleum hydrocarbons like benzene.In terms of the electronic nature of the molecule, aromaticity describes the way a conjugated ring of unsaturated bonds, lone pairs of electrons, or empty molecular orbitals exhibit a stabilization stronger than would be expected by the stabilization of conjugation alone. Aromaticity can be considered a manifestation of cyclic delocalization and of resonance. This is usually considered to be because electrons are free to cycle around circular arrangements of atoms that are alternately single- and double-bonded to one another. These bonds may be seen as a hybrid of a single bond and a double bond, each bond in the ring identical to every other. This commonly seen model of aromatic rings, namely the idea that benzene was formed from a six-membered carbon ring with alternating single and double bonds (cyclohexatriene), was developed by August Kekulé (see History section below). The model for benzene consists of two resonance forms, which corresponds to the double and single bonds superimposing to produce six one-and-a-half bonds. Benzene is a more stable molecule than would be expected without accounting for charge delocalization.