CS 561a: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
... contact with neurophysiological data concerning real neurons. ...
... contact with neurophysiological data concerning real neurons. ...
Identification of Mechanoafferent Neurons in Terrestrial Snail
... zero-Ca2⫹ saline. Each neuron had oval-shaped receptive field 5–20 mm in length located on the dorsal surface of the foot. Partial overlapping of the receptive fields of different neurons was observed. Intracellular stimulation of the PlVL neurons produced excitatory inputs to the parietal and pleur ...
... zero-Ca2⫹ saline. Each neuron had oval-shaped receptive field 5–20 mm in length located on the dorsal surface of the foot. Partial overlapping of the receptive fields of different neurons was observed. Intracellular stimulation of the PlVL neurons produced excitatory inputs to the parietal and pleur ...
Bolt IRM Mod 03
... Lecture/Discussion Topic: Multiple Sclerosis and Guillain-Barré Syndrome As mentioned in the text, myelin is a fatty sheath that helps speed impulses down some neurons’ axons. Its importance for the normal transfer of information in the human nervous system is evident in the demyelinating diseases o ...
... Lecture/Discussion Topic: Multiple Sclerosis and Guillain-Barré Syndrome As mentioned in the text, myelin is a fatty sheath that helps speed impulses down some neurons’ axons. Its importance for the normal transfer of information in the human nervous system is evident in the demyelinating diseases o ...
The Nervous System
... by the brain. • However, a reflex is controlled by the spinal cord. • A reflex is a rapid, involuntary response to a stimulus. • An example, if you touch a really hot object with your hand. The impulse is sent to the spinal cord immediately. The spinal cord responds by sending impulses to your arm m ...
... by the brain. • However, a reflex is controlled by the spinal cord. • A reflex is a rapid, involuntary response to a stimulus. • An example, if you touch a really hot object with your hand. The impulse is sent to the spinal cord immediately. The spinal cord responds by sending impulses to your arm m ...
Mechanisms to synchronize neuronal activity
... cortex (area 17) of anesthetized cats (Gray and Singer 1989; Gray et al. 1990) a broad peak in the frequency spectrum has been found in the range 35±70 Hz. This is in line with results by Eckhorn et al. (1988) who reported an even broader distribution of oscillation frequencies in areas 17 and 18 of ...
... cortex (area 17) of anesthetized cats (Gray and Singer 1989; Gray et al. 1990) a broad peak in the frequency spectrum has been found in the range 35±70 Hz. This is in line with results by Eckhorn et al. (1988) who reported an even broader distribution of oscillation frequencies in areas 17 and 18 of ...
1. Semester Introduction to functional neurobiology
... The time spent on learning can not be saved! The human brain gains the informations also via learning, based on which it is able to identify subjects, animals, people within seconds. Our creativity is based on the aquired informations. Creativity is an attitude and an ability to bring aquired but o ...
... The time spent on learning can not be saved! The human brain gains the informations also via learning, based on which it is able to identify subjects, animals, people within seconds. Our creativity is based on the aquired informations. Creativity is an attitude and an ability to bring aquired but o ...
Topic Option A Neurobio
... tissues in Xenopus, used as an animal model, Guidance: Terminology relating to embryonic during neurulation. brain areas or nervous system divisions is not required. 5. An axon grows from each immature neuron in response to chemical stimuli. 6. Some axons extend beyond the neural tube to reach other ...
... tissues in Xenopus, used as an animal model, Guidance: Terminology relating to embryonic during neurulation. brain areas or nervous system divisions is not required. 5. An axon grows from each immature neuron in response to chemical stimuli. 6. Some axons extend beyond the neural tube to reach other ...
associative memory ENG - Weizmann Institute of Science
... • If the external inputs are constant the network may reach a stable state, but this is not guaranteed (the attractors may be limit cycles and the network may even be chaotic). • When the recurrent connections are symmetric and there is no self coupling we can write an energy function, such that at ...
... • If the external inputs are constant the network may reach a stable state, but this is not guaranteed (the attractors may be limit cycles and the network may even be chaotic). • When the recurrent connections are symmetric and there is no self coupling we can write an energy function, such that at ...
slides
... – prevent serotonin from being taken back up into neurons Both of these increase the level of serotonin, and thus (usually) improve mood Mood disorders are often triggered or exacerbated by environment—stress, life events Thus, scientists also look for genes that might impact response to stress as w ...
... – prevent serotonin from being taken back up into neurons Both of these increase the level of serotonin, and thus (usually) improve mood Mood disorders are often triggered or exacerbated by environment—stress, life events Thus, scientists also look for genes that might impact response to stress as w ...
Nervous System
... the nervous system. 1. Nervous system and endocrine system are the chief control centers in maintaining body homeostasis. 2. Nervous system uses electrical signals (nerve impulses) which produce immediate (but short- lived) responses; endocrine system uses chemical signals (hormones) that produce sl ...
... the nervous system. 1. Nervous system and endocrine system are the chief control centers in maintaining body homeostasis. 2. Nervous system uses electrical signals (nerve impulses) which produce immediate (but short- lived) responses; endocrine system uses chemical signals (hormones) that produce sl ...
DIENCEPHALON
... • important for regulation of basic functions and linkage of basic functions to more complex functions such as movement ...
... • important for regulation of basic functions and linkage of basic functions to more complex functions such as movement ...
Neural Basis of the Ventriloquist
... Lateralization may be due to attentional orientation to perceived sound location No differential BOLD response in attentional areas (anterior cingulate, posterior parietal cortex) between illusion/noillusion trials Other behavioral results suggest visual attention has little influence on illusion ...
... Lateralization may be due to attentional orientation to perceived sound location No differential BOLD response in attentional areas (anterior cingulate, posterior parietal cortex) between illusion/noillusion trials Other behavioral results suggest visual attention has little influence on illusion ...
Huber et al. (2008), Sparse optical microstimulation in barrel cortex
... Electrical microstimulation can establish causal links between the activity of groups of neurons and perceptual and cognitive functions1–6. However, the number and identities of neurons microstimulated, as well as the number of action potentials evoked, are difficult to ascertain7,8. To address thes ...
... Electrical microstimulation can establish causal links between the activity of groups of neurons and perceptual and cognitive functions1–6. However, the number and identities of neurons microstimulated, as well as the number of action potentials evoked, are difficult to ascertain7,8. To address thes ...
peripheral nervous system
... When light enters the eye it first travels through a transparent layer of cells called the cornea. The amount of light entering the eye is controlled by muscles of the iris, which is the part of the eye that is colored. Behind the iris is the lens. The lens inverts the image and projects it onto the ...
... When light enters the eye it first travels through a transparent layer of cells called the cornea. The amount of light entering the eye is controlled by muscles of the iris, which is the part of the eye that is colored. Behind the iris is the lens. The lens inverts the image and projects it onto the ...
Motor “Binding:” Do Functional Assemblies in Primary Motor Cortex
... that selective damage to the hippocampus should result in little or no impairment in semantic memory. In contrast, the declarative theory predicts significant semantic memory impairment resulting from selective hippocampal damage. A second clear prediction of the episodic theory is that remote episo ...
... that selective damage to the hippocampus should result in little or no impairment in semantic memory. In contrast, the declarative theory predicts significant semantic memory impairment resulting from selective hippocampal damage. A second clear prediction of the episodic theory is that remote episo ...
Journal Paper 1 - Information Services and Technology
... emitted at these junctions. The method confirmed that Schwann cells, at least, did respond to synaptic firing and that the reaction involved an influx of calcium ions into the cells. But were glia limited only to eavesdropping on neuronal activity, by scavenging traces of neurotransmitter leaking fr ...
... emitted at these junctions. The method confirmed that Schwann cells, at least, did respond to synaptic firing and that the reaction involved an influx of calcium ions into the cells. But were glia limited only to eavesdropping on neuronal activity, by scavenging traces of neurotransmitter leaking fr ...
Copy of the full paper
... signals by precisely computing the neurons’ asynchronous spikes. Neuron models can precisely describe the biophysics of spikes (action potentials) by computing the currents flowing through cell membrane and synaptic nodes. It is possible to reduce the size of these models to facilitate their computa ...
... signals by precisely computing the neurons’ asynchronous spikes. Neuron models can precisely describe the biophysics of spikes (action potentials) by computing the currents flowing through cell membrane and synaptic nodes. It is possible to reduce the size of these models to facilitate their computa ...
File
... • the axon terminals of one neuron will end near the dendrites of another neuron • the Presynaptic neuron: sends out information • the Postsynaptic neuron: receives information • note: There is no physical connection between the two neurons ...
... • the axon terminals of one neuron will end near the dendrites of another neuron • the Presynaptic neuron: sends out information • the Postsynaptic neuron: receives information • note: There is no physical connection between the two neurons ...
Inhibition and Epilepsy
... Over fifty years of research on GABA functions have made possible to identify several actions that are mediated by this neurotransmitter. Indeed, when expressed in the complexity of the brain function, the role of GABA receptors goes far beyond the original inhibitory role described in early studies ...
... Over fifty years of research on GABA functions have made possible to identify several actions that are mediated by this neurotransmitter. Indeed, when expressed in the complexity of the brain function, the role of GABA receptors goes far beyond the original inhibitory role described in early studies ...
3 layers
... – memory = the process by which information that is acquired through learning is stored and retrieved – role for long-term potentiation (LTP) – enhances transmission at the hippocampus after a period of high-frequency stimulation – role for glutamate = binds NMDA glutamate receptors on post-synaptic ...
... – memory = the process by which information that is acquired through learning is stored and retrieved – role for long-term potentiation (LTP) – enhances transmission at the hippocampus after a period of high-frequency stimulation – role for glutamate = binds NMDA glutamate receptors on post-synaptic ...
Activation Models
... control information. The input changes slowly,and can be assumed constant value. ...
... control information. The input changes slowly,and can be assumed constant value. ...
– Necrosis Brain, Neuron 1
... nucleus (black arrow). Neuronal necrosis is commonly the result of ischemia, or any influence that impairs neuronal energy metabolism. In this case, the change has been referred to as acute eosinophilic necrosis, “acute metabolic arrest,” “acute ischemic change,” or, more colloquially, “red dead” ne ...
... nucleus (black arrow). Neuronal necrosis is commonly the result of ischemia, or any influence that impairs neuronal energy metabolism. In this case, the change has been referred to as acute eosinophilic necrosis, “acute metabolic arrest,” “acute ischemic change,” or, more colloquially, “red dead” ne ...
Motor Units and Motor Neuron Disease
... They found that after axotomy, Wlds axons were protected from degeneration at all ages, but synapses were not. This finding provides the potential for a good model for the synaptic degeneration observed in ALS. What is interesting is that the Wld protein is localised to the cell nucleus, so the prot ...
... They found that after axotomy, Wlds axons were protected from degeneration at all ages, but synapses were not. This finding provides the potential for a good model for the synaptic degeneration observed in ALS. What is interesting is that the Wld protein is localised to the cell nucleus, so the prot ...
Physiology Lecture 6
... little less negative than the equilibrium potential for K+ . Depolarization of a small region of an axon can be experimentally induced by a pair of stimulating electrodes that act as if they were injecting positive charges into the axon. If the depolarization is below a certain level, it will simply ...
... little less negative than the equilibrium potential for K+ . Depolarization of a small region of an axon can be experimentally induced by a pair of stimulating electrodes that act as if they were injecting positive charges into the axon. If the depolarization is below a certain level, it will simply ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.