The Auditory System
... By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 1. describe the structural and functional features of the outer, middle, and inner ear. 2. explain how an action potential is generated in the afferent nerve fibres of the auditory system. 3. review the pathway by which auditory information is tra ...
... By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 1. describe the structural and functional features of the outer, middle, and inner ear. 2. explain how an action potential is generated in the afferent nerve fibres of the auditory system. 3. review the pathway by which auditory information is tra ...
Synapse Jeopardy
... team tries to identify the correct concept. • If the team fails to answer correctly, the other team gets one opportunity to answer. If neither team guesses correctly, those points are not awarded. • The team with the correct answer wins the number of points on the chart. Play continues until time ru ...
... team tries to identify the correct concept. • If the team fails to answer correctly, the other team gets one opportunity to answer. If neither team guesses correctly, those points are not awarded. • The team with the correct answer wins the number of points on the chart. Play continues until time ru ...
spinal cord
... 5.9 Learning, Memory, and Sleep Memory • Memory trace -- neural change responsible for retention or storage of knowledge • Short-term memory -- seconds to hours • Long-term memory -- days to years • Consolidation is the process of transferring short-term memory into long-term memory • Working mem ...
... 5.9 Learning, Memory, and Sleep Memory • Memory trace -- neural change responsible for retention or storage of knowledge • Short-term memory -- seconds to hours • Long-term memory -- days to years • Consolidation is the process of transferring short-term memory into long-term memory • Working mem ...
Dopamine neurons derived from embryonic stem cells
... • Dopamine transmits signals between the areas in the brain that, when working normally, coordinate smooth and balanced muscle movement • May also control functions related to mood • Dopamine precursors (medications the brain converts to dopamine) and antagonists (directly stimulate nerves in the br ...
... • Dopamine transmits signals between the areas in the brain that, when working normally, coordinate smooth and balanced muscle movement • May also control functions related to mood • Dopamine precursors (medications the brain converts to dopamine) and antagonists (directly stimulate nerves in the br ...
Nerve sheaths:
... Synaptic transmission (electrical synapse) occur either by: Conduction of nerve impulse from one cell to another (through depolarization) (1) Bidirectional (2)In C.N.C Or transmitted by chemical transmission i.e releasing of neurotransmitter from the axon to the synaptic site (1) Unidirectional ...
... Synaptic transmission (electrical synapse) occur either by: Conduction of nerve impulse from one cell to another (through depolarization) (1) Bidirectional (2)In C.N.C Or transmitted by chemical transmission i.e releasing of neurotransmitter from the axon to the synaptic site (1) Unidirectional ...
Two Views of Cortex
... Uniformity of Cortex II: Modules “Thus the machinery may be roughly uniform over the whole striate cortex, the differences being in the inputs. A given region of cortex simply digests what is brought to it, and the process is the same everywhere. . . . It may be that there is a great developmental ...
... Uniformity of Cortex II: Modules “Thus the machinery may be roughly uniform over the whole striate cortex, the differences being in the inputs. A given region of cortex simply digests what is brought to it, and the process is the same everywhere. . . . It may be that there is a great developmental ...
1. What type of joint do the capitulum of the humerus
... neural cell membrane is due to: a) actions of the Sodium/Potassium pump b) sodium leakage channels c) selective permeability of the membrane to potassium d) both a and c e) all of the above 44. Which of the following statements regarding graded potentials (as compared to action potentials) is not tr ...
... neural cell membrane is due to: a) actions of the Sodium/Potassium pump b) sodium leakage channels c) selective permeability of the membrane to potassium d) both a and c e) all of the above 44. Which of the following statements regarding graded potentials (as compared to action potentials) is not tr ...
Anatomy Written Exam #2 Cranial Nerves Introduction Embryological
... All thalamic nuclei, except or the reticular nucleus, project to IPSILATERAL cerebral cortex 1. Specific Nuclei- have point to point projections between individual thalamic nuclei and restricted cortical zones o Have well-defined sensory and motor functions 2. Non-specific Nuclei- receive less fun ...
... All thalamic nuclei, except or the reticular nucleus, project to IPSILATERAL cerebral cortex 1. Specific Nuclei- have point to point projections between individual thalamic nuclei and restricted cortical zones o Have well-defined sensory and motor functions 2. Non-specific Nuclei- receive less fun ...
PPT - Sheffield Department of Computer Science
... More neurotransmitters are released, which opens more gates in dendrite. i.e. coupling is adjusted to favourably reinforce good connections. ...
... More neurotransmitters are released, which opens more gates in dendrite. i.e. coupling is adjusted to favourably reinforce good connections. ...
11Cranial nerve 8 (Vestibulo-cochlear)
... Cochlear (Auditory) Nerve • The cochlear nerve fibers make dendritic contact with hair cells of the organ of Corti within the cochlear duct of the inner ear. • Their cell bodies (1st order neurons) are located within the cochlea in the spiral ganglion. • Their central processes terminate in the dor ...
... Cochlear (Auditory) Nerve • The cochlear nerve fibers make dendritic contact with hair cells of the organ of Corti within the cochlear duct of the inner ear. • Their cell bodies (1st order neurons) are located within the cochlea in the spiral ganglion. • Their central processes terminate in the dor ...
Synaptic Transmission - Interactive Physiology
... • Motor neurons of the somatic nervous system release acetylcholine. • They are cholinergic. • Skeletal muscles bear nACh receptors. • Thus the action of acetylcholine on skeletal muscle is direct, fast, and excitatory. • The first of two neurons in the sympathetic chain, the preganglionic neuron, i ...
... • Motor neurons of the somatic nervous system release acetylcholine. • They are cholinergic. • Skeletal muscles bear nACh receptors. • Thus the action of acetylcholine on skeletal muscle is direct, fast, and excitatory. • The first of two neurons in the sympathetic chain, the preganglionic neuron, i ...
MS Word Version - Interactive Physiology
... • Motor neurons of the somatic nervous system release acetylcholine. • They are cholinergic. • Skeletal muscles bear nACh receptors. • Thus the action of acetylcholine on skeletal muscle is direct, fast, and excitatory. • The first of two neurons in the sympathetic chain, the preganglionic neuron, i ...
... • Motor neurons of the somatic nervous system release acetylcholine. • They are cholinergic. • Skeletal muscles bear nACh receptors. • Thus the action of acetylcholine on skeletal muscle is direct, fast, and excitatory. • The first of two neurons in the sympathetic chain, the preganglionic neuron, i ...
Expectation of reward modulates cognitive signals in the basal ganglia
... basal ganglia, either by disinhibition or by enhancement of inhibition14–16. Anatomically, the striatal projection neurons are characterized by many spines on their dendrites 17,18 , to which glutamatergic cortico-striatal axons and dopaminergic axons make synaptic contacts19,20. Dopaminergic neuron ...
... basal ganglia, either by disinhibition or by enhancement of inhibition14–16. Anatomically, the striatal projection neurons are characterized by many spines on their dendrites 17,18 , to which glutamatergic cortico-striatal axons and dopaminergic axons make synaptic contacts19,20. Dopaminergic neuron ...
create opposite responses in the effectors
... Neurotransmitters of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions •The way the 2 divisions of the ANS can create opposite responses in the effectors that they control is by the release of different neurotransmitters onto the cells of the effectors •All preganglionic neurons (sympathetic and parasympat ...
... Neurotransmitters of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions •The way the 2 divisions of the ANS can create opposite responses in the effectors that they control is by the release of different neurotransmitters onto the cells of the effectors •All preganglionic neurons (sympathetic and parasympat ...
AAAS Summary
... Obstetric and pediatric patients sometimes have to undergo complex surgical procedures that require prolonged anesthesia. In essence, the nervous system must be put to sleep, sometimes for many hours, by drugs that suppress neuronal activity. All drugs that have proven useful for this purpose are ei ...
... Obstetric and pediatric patients sometimes have to undergo complex surgical procedures that require prolonged anesthesia. In essence, the nervous system must be put to sleep, sometimes for many hours, by drugs that suppress neuronal activity. All drugs that have proven useful for this purpose are ei ...
Neurology-Movement Disorders
... a. Any abrupt change in motor function or mental status suggests an underlying disorder Diagnosis a. History is of primary importance, as diagnosis is made based on clinical findings b. There are no specific or recommended laboratory studies necessary to confirm the diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease- ...
... a. Any abrupt change in motor function or mental status suggests an underlying disorder Diagnosis a. History is of primary importance, as diagnosis is made based on clinical findings b. There are no specific or recommended laboratory studies necessary to confirm the diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease- ...
BDS Ist YEAR EXAMINATION 2008-09
... Note: 1. Attempt all questions and return this part of the question paper to the invigilator after 20 Minutes. 2. Please tick (√) correct one only. Cutting, overwriting or any other marking are not allowed. 3. For answering please use Ball- pen only. Q.1 ...
... Note: 1. Attempt all questions and return this part of the question paper to the invigilator after 20 Minutes. 2. Please tick (√) correct one only. Cutting, overwriting or any other marking are not allowed. 3. For answering please use Ball- pen only. Q.1 ...
Ciccarelli SG Chapter 2
... your brainstem and below the outer surface. The hippocampus has been found to be important in helping us form memories that last more than just a few seconds. Patients with damage to the hippocampus often cannot remember information for longer than a few seconds. Also, the hippocampus is very import ...
... your brainstem and below the outer surface. The hippocampus has been found to be important in helping us form memories that last more than just a few seconds. Patients with damage to the hippocampus often cannot remember information for longer than a few seconds. Also, the hippocampus is very import ...
What” and ”where” – dynamic parallel processing of sound
... • Corticofugal influence: electrical stimulation of auditory cortex causes modulation of STRFs at lower auditory system structures, MGB, IC, even cochlea! • Animal data suggest that the lower one goes, the longer time it takes to see such changes • AC as the ”initiator” of modulatory effects? ...
... • Corticofugal influence: electrical stimulation of auditory cortex causes modulation of STRFs at lower auditory system structures, MGB, IC, even cochlea! • Animal data suggest that the lower one goes, the longer time it takes to see such changes • AC as the ”initiator” of modulatory effects? ...
Dynamics of Learning and Recall ... Recurrent Synapses and Cholinergic Modulation
... (Minai and Levy, 1994). In addition, the spreadof activity across previously modified synapsesduring learning could result in excessive enhancementof synaptic strength within a cortical region (Hasselmoet al., 1992; Hasselmo,1994a). In modelsof the cortex with recurrent excitatory synapses, these pr ...
... (Minai and Levy, 1994). In addition, the spreadof activity across previously modified synapsesduring learning could result in excessive enhancementof synaptic strength within a cortical region (Hasselmoet al., 1992; Hasselmo,1994a). In modelsof the cortex with recurrent excitatory synapses, these pr ...
Skeletal System
... when it reaches the initial segment of the axon, it acts as the trigger that initiates an action potential in the axon Signals from the receptive zone determine if the axon will fire an impulse ...
... when it reaches the initial segment of the axon, it acts as the trigger that initiates an action potential in the axon Signals from the receptive zone determine if the axon will fire an impulse ...
P416 COMPARATIVE ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
... • inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) – Transmitter binding opens K+ or Cl- ion channels – K+ flows out or Cl- flows in down gradients – Small hyperpolarization of postsynaptic neuron • More negative inside cell • further from threshold ...
... • inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) – Transmitter binding opens K+ or Cl- ion channels – K+ flows out or Cl- flows in down gradients – Small hyperpolarization of postsynaptic neuron • More negative inside cell • further from threshold ...
The Science of Psychology
... • Resting potential - the state of the neuron when not firing a neural impulse. • Action potential - the release of the neural impulse • All-or-none - referring to the fact that a neuron either fires completely or does not fire at all. Menu ...
... • Resting potential - the state of the neuron when not firing a neural impulse. • Action potential - the release of the neural impulse • All-or-none - referring to the fact that a neuron either fires completely or does not fire at all. Menu ...
Cortical Control of Motor Function-L18
... respiratory function for speech eye fixation and head rotation area for coordinated head and eye movements ...
... respiratory function for speech eye fixation and head rotation area for coordinated head and eye movements ...
CHAPTER EIGHT
... - gating provides a means for controlling the permeability of the channels - gates are extensions of the transport protein which can close over the opening of the channel - the opening and closing of the gates are controlled in two ways 1. Voltage Gating - the molecular conformation of the gate resp ...
... - gating provides a means for controlling the permeability of the channels - gates are extensions of the transport protein which can close over the opening of the channel - the opening and closing of the gates are controlled in two ways 1. Voltage Gating - the molecular conformation of the gate resp ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.