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The rhinal cortices: a wall of inhibition between the
The rhinal cortices: a wall of inhibition between the

... than merely relay synchronous activity between neocortex and hippocampus. Rather, they support a gating mechanism whose properties remain to be identified. In spite of the demonstration of well-defined reciprocal connections between temporal neocortex and rhinal cortices, extracellular recordings an ...
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... A prior step in demonstrating that deviations from Poissonian firing can modulate the structure formation in recurrent networks based on neuronal plasticity like STDP, is to show first that different variations of non-Poissonian presynaptic activity impact the postsynaptic spiking activity of a neur ...
Suzuki and Eichenbaum, 2000
Suzuki and Eichenbaum, 2000

... A second requirement of a typical recognition memory task is the ability to maintain the representation of the to-be-remembered sample stimulus throughout the duration of the trial including the delay interval. Consistent with this task requirement, some neurons in the perirhinal and entorhinal cort ...
Baby`s Brain Begins Now: Conception to Age 3
Baby`s Brain Begins Now: Conception to Age 3

... This charge travels down its axon, away from the cell body, until it reaches the axon’s end. Waiting here inside the axon terminals are a group of storage sites, called vesicles, that contain chemicals manufactured and delivered by the cell body. When the electrical charge arrives at the axon termin ...
Basal Ganglia: Mechanisms for Action Selection
Basal Ganglia: Mechanisms for Action Selection

... Computational models have provided quantitative tests of these ideas, revealed the further necessary mechanisms for successful selection, and shown how these mechanisms are implemented by components of the basal ganglia circuit. The box-and-arrow model accounts of “direct” pathway control of selecti ...
internal structure of the brain stem
internal structure of the brain stem

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download file
download file

... was high. Each member had made independently subtle shifts from the traditional views of their respective areas, leading to the resolution of previously disparate opinions between different disciplines. The consensus of opinion concerning representations suggests that rapid progress will be possible ...
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Target-cell-specific concentration of a metabotropic glutamate
Target-cell-specific concentration of a metabotropic glutamate

... terminals is regulated by presynaptic receptors responding to transmitters released fro m the same nerve terminal or from terminals of other neurons. The release of glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter, is suppressed by presynaptic auto· receptors'-J. Here we show that a metabotropic glu ...
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... muscle groups. There are sensory “maps” in the primary sensory cortical areas. (Although not as precisely organized, there are topographic maps in association cortex [see below] as well.) There is a motor map within primary motor cortex. The different “maps” will be described in class. Within a sens ...
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CN510: Principles and Methods of Cognitive and

... – The neuron is the basic signaling unit in the brain – Different parts of the brain have different functional roles (e.g. auditory cortex, visual cortex, motor cortex, etc.) – The different brain regions project to each other in a fairly precise fashion that is affected by experience – A given brai ...
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Development of neuromotor prostheses

... or decode this activity into an output signal and then couple that output to assistive devices or to the muscles as quickly and accurately, as the intact nervous system. The idea that such an NMP could be produced still seems to be at the realm of science fiction. However, recent advances of neurosc ...
Module 3 - Victor Valley College
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A first-principle for the nervous system

... cue stimulus. The cue stimulus is expected to induce units of internal sensations that undergo a computational process at physiological time-scales. For example, rapidly changing a general cue stimulus step-by-step towards a specific one leads to corresponding changes in the retrieved memories from ...
In vivo two-photon calcium imaging of neuronal networks
In vivo two-photon calcium imaging of neuronal networks

... discovery of important macroscopic features of processing networks, such as, for example, the orientation preference map in the visual cortex (7). However, many aspects of signal processing at the single-cell level as well as the temporal dynamics in processing neuronal networks have remained unclea ...
Hippocampus, cortex, and basal ganglia: Insights
Hippocampus, cortex, and basal ganglia: Insights

... (and many other relevant brain areas are not included, for simplicity). Each component of the architecture is specialized for a different function by virtue of having different parameters and neural specializations (as motivated by the above tradeoffs), but the fundamental underlying mechanisms are the ...
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Synaptic gating



Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.
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