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... if we take the magnetic field to be along the z-direction (i.e., along the atomic quantization axis). In this Hamiltonian, the quantities gS , gL, and gI are respectively the electron spin, electron orbital, and nuclear “g-factors” that account for various modifications to the corresponding magnetic d ...
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Population inversion

In science, specifically statistical mechanics, a population inversion occurs while a system (such as a group of atoms or molecules) exists in a state with more members in an excited state than in lower energy states. It is called an ""inversion"" because in many familiar and commonly encountered physical systems, this is not possible. The concept is of fundamental importance in laser science because the production of a population inversion is a necessary step in the workings of a standard laser.
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