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The circuits and magnetism game
The circuits and magnetism game

... 13. Electric current can best be induced in a wire by A. moving a magnet up and down near the wire. B. rotating the wire. C. stretching the wire. D. setting the wire near a magnet. E. none of the above ...
DISCOVERY OF THE BIOFIELD A Different Type of
DISCOVERY OF THE BIOFIELD A Different Type of

What are Electromagnets
What are Electromagnets

... declination angle or magnetic declination. There are ways to mathematically calculate the declination angle, and when relying on a compos, this difference in direction must be accounted for or else you will not reach your exact destination. The larger your distance from the North Pole, the large you ...
A three-dimensional magnetic field and electromagnetic force
A three-dimensional magnetic field and electromagnetic force

... one of the “ten most significant algorithms” in scientific computation discovered in the 20th century [1, 2]. The method allows the evaluation of the product between a dense matrix (having some particular structure) and a vector in O ( N log N ) operations, whereas direct multiplication requires O N ...
Magnetism Review
Magnetism Review

... Explanation: A force is exerted on charged particles only when they move at an angle to magnetic field lines. The force is greatest when motion is at right angles to the magnetic field. ...
PHYS 212 – MT3 Spring 2013 Sample 3 Solutions
PHYS 212 – MT3 Spring 2013 Sample 3 Solutions

MAGNETIC FIELDS in
MAGNETIC FIELDS in

numericals on current electricity
numericals on current electricity

EBenevolenskaya.AGU08
EBenevolenskaya.AGU08

3D Inversion of magnetic total gradient data in the presence of
3D Inversion of magnetic total gradient data in the presence of

... independent of magnetization direction. However, it has been demonstrated that the magnitude of the gradient vector (total gradient), often erroneously termed 3D analytic signal, has a minimal dependence on magnetization direction. In particular, if the anomaly is half reduced to the pole, the corre ...
Hydrogen spectral series
Hydrogen spectral series

Electrical Symbols
Electrical Symbols

Input Impedance of Dipole Antenna
Input Impedance of Dipole Antenna

... field B0, of 0.41G. For these conditions, the electron plasma frequency, fpe, is 1.27 MHz and the electron gyromagnetic frequency, fce, is 1.15 MHz. Therefore, transmission only occurs at operating frequencies above 1.27 MHz, when the plasma parameter X=( fpe/f)2 is less than 1 (Figure 2). Since the ...
Magnetic Resonance TOPIC 3
Magnetic Resonance TOPIC 3

... Proton’s magnetic field is often termed “magnetic moment” ...
Electromagnetic induction
Electromagnetic induction

... as an immobile electric charge does not produce a magnetic field. The movement of a magnet in relation to a conductor results in the flow of current across the conductor, just as the movement of charges in a conductor produces a magnetic field. The phenomenon of electric-current induction by a chang ...
Electromagnetic induction
Electromagnetic induction

Gas and moisture barrier on bio-based packaging materials
Gas and moisture barrier on bio-based packaging materials

Electron Spin Resonance Theory
Electron Spin Resonance Theory

Faculty Mentor: Dr. Robert Ryan Project Supervisor: Dr. George
Faculty Mentor: Dr. Robert Ryan Project Supervisor: Dr. George

here
here

Lecture 1 - Harvard Condensed Matter Theory group
Lecture 1 - Harvard Condensed Matter Theory group

... optimized within each class ...
Chapter 22: Magnetism
Chapter 22: Magnetism

Inorganic Materials Chemistry Lecture Notes
Inorganic Materials Chemistry Lecture Notes

Lecture 18 - UConn Physics
Lecture 18 - UConn Physics

... rest (electrostatics) since this would correspond to the potential difference between a point and itself. Consequently, there can be no "potential function" corresponding to these induced E fields. ...
27. Current in a Magnetic Field
27. Current in a Magnetic Field

< 1 ... 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 ... 139 >

Giant magnetoresistance



Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) is a quantum mechanical magnetoresistance effect observed in thin-film structures composed of alternating ferromagnetic and non-magnetic conductive layers. The 2007 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Albert Fert and Peter Grünberg for the discovery of GMR.The effect is observed as a significant change in the electrical resistance depending on whether the magnetization of adjacent ferromagnetic layers are in a parallel or an antiparallel alignment. The overall resistance is relatively low for parallel alignment and relatively high for antiparallel alignment. The magnetization direction can be controlled, for example, by applying an external magnetic field. The effect is based on the dependence of electron scattering on the spin orientation.The main application of GMR is magnetic field sensors, which are used to read data in hard disk drives, biosensors, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and other devices. GMR multilayer structures are also used in magnetoresistive random-access memory (MRAM) as cells that store one bit of information.In literature, the term giant magnetoresistance is sometimes confused with colossal magnetoresistance of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic semiconductors, which is not related to the multilayer structure.
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