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Current and Resistance
Current and Resistance

... σ is a constant called conductivity of the conductor Ohm’s Law: for many materials, the conductivity σ is constant over a wide range of electric field strength ...
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Technical Article
Technical Article

... Methods for sensing position of rotor shaft In a BLDC motor, there are several methods to measure the position of the rotor shaft. One commonly implemented method is sensorless back EMF (back Electro-Motive Force) position sensing, using a Wye or Delta winding and/or the stator coil current. Unfortu ...
INTEGRATED RESISTORS
INTEGRATED RESISTORS

... The capacitance value thus obtainable can be around 1.2nF/mm2 . The thin film or metal oxide silicon capacitor uses a thin layer of silicon dioxide as the dielectric. One plate is the connecting metal and the other is a heavily doped layer of silicon, which is formed during the emitter diffusion. Th ...
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* Magnetic Scalar Potential * Magnetic Vector Potential

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15.02.2016 - Erwin Sitompul

...  A conductor whose function in an electric circuit is to provide a specified resistance is called a resistor.  In a circuit diagram, the resistor is represented by the symbols: ...
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the free PDF resource

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Magnetohydrodynamic Effects in Gamma

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resistance - Erwin Sitompul

... The temperature of the surrounding air is 25 °C. A current of 2.2 mA flows through the block between parallel sides. (a) What is the resistance of the block if the two parallel sides are the two rectangular sides (with dimensions 1.2 cm  15 cm)? (b) The temperature of the copper block increases up ...
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1 Current 2 Resistance and Ohm`s Law

... thermistor : a small semiconductor crystal usde to make a sensitive electronic thermometer; its resistance is used as a thermometric property. superconductivity : materials, which as the temperature decreases, the resistivity at first decreases smoothly, like a metal, but at a critical transition te ...
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Giant magnetoresistance



Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) is a quantum mechanical magnetoresistance effect observed in thin-film structures composed of alternating ferromagnetic and non-magnetic conductive layers. The 2007 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Albert Fert and Peter Grünberg for the discovery of GMR.The effect is observed as a significant change in the electrical resistance depending on whether the magnetization of adjacent ferromagnetic layers are in a parallel or an antiparallel alignment. The overall resistance is relatively low for parallel alignment and relatively high for antiparallel alignment. The magnetization direction can be controlled, for example, by applying an external magnetic field. The effect is based on the dependence of electron scattering on the spin orientation.The main application of GMR is magnetic field sensors, which are used to read data in hard disk drives, biosensors, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and other devices. GMR multilayer structures are also used in magnetoresistive random-access memory (MRAM) as cells that store one bit of information.In literature, the term giant magnetoresistance is sometimes confused with colossal magnetoresistance of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic semiconductors, which is not related to the multilayer structure.
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