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Big Ideas
Big Ideas

... Iron filings move in response to the forces of the magnetic field until they reach a state of equilibrium (sum of forces = 0; energy in = energy out). The iron atom contains a positively charged nucleus surrounded by a negatively charged cloud of electrons. Each proton and electron has the same unit ...
magnetic particle inspection
magnetic particle inspection

Leukaemia Foundation of Australia Position Statement: Powerlines
Leukaemia Foundation of Australia Position Statement: Powerlines

... Electromagnetic fields are a combination of electric and magnetic forces that travel together in wave-like patterns, at the speed of light. These waves travel at different frequencies. The frequency is simply the measurement of the number of times the electric and magnetic waves oscillate per unit o ...
M o
M o

... instruments. We take an NMR of that standard and measure its absorbance frequency. We then measure the frequency of our sample and subtract its frequency from that of the standard. We then then divide by the frequency of the standard. This gives a number called the “chemical shift,” also called , w ...
Physics 6B - UCSB Campus Learning Assistance Services
Physics 6B - UCSB Campus Learning Assistance Services

THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ANGULAR MOMENTUM
THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ANGULAR MOMENTUM

... interacting with each other and pushing them to be registered during the experiment [1].2 If the right-handed gyroscope falls on the surface of the Earth, the vector of its Planck’s field H r will be coincide with the vector of the Planck’s field H o near the surface of the Earth. The poles of the m ...
I. Electric Current
I. Electric Current

... what material is being used to carry a current (for example, copper versus glass). Resistance also depends on the amount and shape of the material carrying the current. For example, five pieces of copper can have very different resistances due to differing amounts and shapes. Resistivity is an intri ...
physics_question bank - Kendriya Vidyalaya SAC, Vastrapur
physics_question bank - Kendriya Vidyalaya SAC, Vastrapur

Lesson 25.2 Using Electromagnetism
Lesson 25.2 Using Electromagnetism

... 1. A solenoid is a coil of wire with electric current flowing through it, giving it __________. [a magnetic field] 2. The magnetic field of a solenoid has __________. [north and south poles like a bar magnet] 3. The magnetic field of a solenoid is affected by factors such as __________. [amount and ...
Magnetism and the su..
Magnetism and the su..

1E6 Electrical Engineering Electricity and Magnetism Lecture 21
1E6 Electrical Engineering Electricity and Magnetism Lecture 21

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...  Magnetostatics deals with the behaviour of stationary Magnetic fields.  Oersterd and Ampere proved experimentally that the current carrying conductor produces a magnetic field around it.  The origin of Magnetism is linked with current and magnetic quantities are measured in terms of current. Mag ...
investigation of measured distributions of local vector magnetic
investigation of measured distributions of local vector magnetic

... stator tooth. Additionally, from the root toward the top of the tooth, the rotating magnetic field trajectory shape was gradually changed from alternating field to rotating field. At the other top of the teeth, large rotating magnetic field was also observed. Figure 9 shows the measured magnetic flu ...
Basic Principles of Electricity
Basic Principles of Electricity

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q1 q2 1/r V TEST – XII ( Physics ) 1 r

... (i) ‘V’ volts by connecting a resistance R1 in series with coil. (ii) ‘V/2’ volts by connecting a resistance R2 in series with its coil. Find the resistance (R), in terms of R1 and R2 required to convert it into a voltmeter that can read up to ‘2V’ volts. ...
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Practice_FINAL_Sol

... d) Gary suggests that adding a light bulb to the circuit in series might solve the heat problem. Is he correct? Why? What problems might this cause in this experiment? ...
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Resistivity - Engineering Sciences

P2.3 Current Electricity
P2.3 Current Electricity

Physics 142
Physics 142

... the 1/r dependence. Students should be impressed, as there are no wires attached to the tube! If you then turn the tube azimuthally so it is perpendicular to the VDG's field lines, the bulb goes dark, since the tube is now approximately oriented along an equipotential surface. (Many other VDG demos ...
Experiment 5: Magnetic Fields of a Bar Magnet and of the Earth
Experiment 5: Magnetic Fields of a Bar Magnet and of the Earth

... end of the magnet that you used above. C. Construct Field Line # 3: Repeat once more, but start about 4 cm (1.5 inches) from the same end. Question 1 (answer on your tear-sheet at the end): Mostly your field lines come back to the bar magnet, but some of them wander off and never come back to the ba ...
2008-SRJC-PH-H2-J2-CT-w-soln
2008-SRJC-PH-H2-J2-CT-w-soln

... 13. The resistance is constant when small p.d is applied. At higher p.d, temperature increases, the resistance increases and Ohm’s law is not obeyed, corresponding to the I-V characteristics of filament lamp. Answer is B. 14. A The magnitude of current through both sections is the same. (Kirchoff’s ...
Lecture 1: Electrical properties of materials 1 Introduction
Lecture 1: Electrical properties of materials 1 Introduction

... subshells, there exist, respectively, one, three, five, and seven states. In an isolated atom electrons occupy well defined energy states. When atoms come together to form a solid, their valence electrons interact with each other and with nuclei due to Coulomb forces. In addition, two specific quant ...
Resistors and Resistivity©98
Resistors and Resistivity©98

... circulatory system of the body. There is an “electron pump” which is analogous to the heart in its function. This pump may be a dry cell, battery or generator. There is a fluid of electronic charges (either electrons or holes – the absence of an electron), analogous to the blood. There are wires or ...
Lect14
Lect14

... • You may have remembered a previous act in which the net force on a current loop in a uniform B-field is zero, but the B-field produced by an infinite wire is not uniform! • Forces cancel on the top and bottom of the loop. • Forces do not cancel on the left and right sides of the loop. • The left s ...
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Giant magnetoresistance



Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) is a quantum mechanical magnetoresistance effect observed in thin-film structures composed of alternating ferromagnetic and non-magnetic conductive layers. The 2007 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Albert Fert and Peter Grünberg for the discovery of GMR.The effect is observed as a significant change in the electrical resistance depending on whether the magnetization of adjacent ferromagnetic layers are in a parallel or an antiparallel alignment. The overall resistance is relatively low for parallel alignment and relatively high for antiparallel alignment. The magnetization direction can be controlled, for example, by applying an external magnetic field. The effect is based on the dependence of electron scattering on the spin orientation.The main application of GMR is magnetic field sensors, which are used to read data in hard disk drives, biosensors, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and other devices. GMR multilayer structures are also used in magnetoresistive random-access memory (MRAM) as cells that store one bit of information.In literature, the term giant magnetoresistance is sometimes confused with colossal magnetoresistance of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic semiconductors, which is not related to the multilayer structure.
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