Dengue, Leishmaniasis, and African Trypanosomiasis
... • Rural-urban migration seems to have contributed to urbanizing VL in Brazil, whereas in East Africa, VL seems to be more closely associated with migrations of seasonal workers and refugees. Transborder migrations between Bangladesh, India, and Nepal are also a risk factor for VL. • New settlements ...
... • Rural-urban migration seems to have contributed to urbanizing VL in Brazil, whereas in East Africa, VL seems to be more closely associated with migrations of seasonal workers and refugees. Transborder migrations between Bangladesh, India, and Nepal are also a risk factor for VL. • New settlements ...
Ring Vaccination as a Control Strategy for Foot-and
... A range of control measures were implemented to try to reduce the transmission of infection. These measures included the implementation of emergency ring vaccination approach, coupled with stamping out of animal populations within the outbreak zone, and of exposed cattle within a 10-km radius of aff ...
... A range of control measures were implemented to try to reduce the transmission of infection. These measures included the implementation of emergency ring vaccination approach, coupled with stamping out of animal populations within the outbreak zone, and of exposed cattle within a 10-km radius of aff ...
Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccines Policy Update: Booster Dose
... in adolescents was considered in deliberations that led to the new recommendation. When using the costeffectiveness measure of qualityadjusted life-years (QALYs), the 2-dose schedule had a lower cost per QALY than did the recommendation for a single dose given at 11 through 12 years of age, because ...
... in adolescents was considered in deliberations that led to the new recommendation. When using the costeffectiveness measure of qualityadjusted life-years (QALYs), the 2-dose schedule had a lower cost per QALY than did the recommendation for a single dose given at 11 through 12 years of age, because ...
Cocadviroid Coconut cadang-cadang viroid
... CCCVd is the main threat to coconut production in the Philippines. By 1990, CCCVd had damaged over 30 million palms in central Philippines (Hanold and Randles, 1991b). This suggests serious implications for the numerous countries where coconut is considered an important crop. Annual loss of palm in ...
... CCCVd is the main threat to coconut production in the Philippines. By 1990, CCCVd had damaged over 30 million palms in central Philippines (Hanold and Randles, 1991b). This suggests serious implications for the numerous countries where coconut is considered an important crop. Annual loss of palm in ...
Management of Infectious Disease in Schools
... Many infectious diseases are most transmissible as or just before symptoms develop. It is important therefore that pupils and staff who are ill when they come to school, or who develop symptoms during the school day, should be sent home. Whenever possible, ill pupils should be removed from the class ...
... Many infectious diseases are most transmissible as or just before symptoms develop. It is important therefore that pupils and staff who are ill when they come to school, or who develop symptoms during the school day, should be sent home. Whenever possible, ill pupils should be removed from the class ...
The Lives of `Facts`: Understanding Disease Transmission Through
... analysing the biographies of scientific objects, in which she creates a framework for studying the vita activa – the coming into being and passing away of scientific objects (Daston, 2000). It is also close to the notion of trajectory, by which Hans-Jörg Rheinberger (2000:273) means that “scientific ...
... analysing the biographies of scientific objects, in which she creates a framework for studying the vita activa – the coming into being and passing away of scientific objects (Daston, 2000). It is also close to the notion of trajectory, by which Hans-Jörg Rheinberger (2000:273) means that “scientific ...
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... analysing the biographies of scientific objects, in which she creates a framework for studying the vita activa – the coming into being and passing away of scientific objects (Daston, 2000). It is also close to the notion of trajectory, by which Hans-Jörg Rheinberger (2000:273) means that “scientific ...
... analysing the biographies of scientific objects, in which she creates a framework for studying the vita activa – the coming into being and passing away of scientific objects (Daston, 2000). It is also close to the notion of trajectory, by which Hans-Jörg Rheinberger (2000:273) means that “scientific ...
Case conference- chronic diarrhea
... always associated with an identifiable dietary antigen. Approximately onehalf of patients have allergic disease, such as asthma, defined food sensitivities, eczema, or rhinitis; some patients have elevated serum IgE levels; rare patients have IgE antibodies directed against specific foods. Microscop ...
... always associated with an identifiable dietary antigen. Approximately onehalf of patients have allergic disease, such as asthma, defined food sensitivities, eczema, or rhinitis; some patients have elevated serum IgE levels; rare patients have IgE antibodies directed against specific foods. Microscop ...
Plague FAQ document - National Institute for Communicable Diseases
... Three forms of plague may occur after an incubation period of 2 to 8 days (maximum 15 days) after exposure to the organism: 1) Bubonic plague commences usually after being bitten by an infected rat flea. The patient will present with sudden onset of fever, chills, headache, weakness and swelling of ...
... Three forms of plague may occur after an incubation period of 2 to 8 days (maximum 15 days) after exposure to the organism: 1) Bubonic plague commences usually after being bitten by an infected rat flea. The patient will present with sudden onset of fever, chills, headache, weakness and swelling of ...
Management of Infectious Disease in Schools
... Many infectious diseases are most transmissible as or just before symptoms develop. It is important therefore that pupils and staff who are ill when they come to school, or who develop symptoms during the school day, should be sent home. Whenever possible, ill pupils should be removed from the class ...
... Many infectious diseases are most transmissible as or just before symptoms develop. It is important therefore that pupils and staff who are ill when they come to school, or who develop symptoms during the school day, should be sent home. Whenever possible, ill pupils should be removed from the class ...
secondary syphilis
... degree of maternal spirochataemia). In primary and secondary stages, the fetus is heavily infected and may die of hydrops in utero or shortly after birth. Liver and pancrease show diffuse fibrosis. The placenta is heavy, and pale with plasmacytic villitis. After maternal second stage, the effects of ...
... degree of maternal spirochataemia). In primary and secondary stages, the fetus is heavily infected and may die of hydrops in utero or shortly after birth. Liver and pancrease show diffuse fibrosis. The placenta is heavy, and pale with plasmacytic villitis. After maternal second stage, the effects of ...
Rift Valley fever: Real or perceived threat for Zambia?
... infected livestock developed no clinical signs or developed mild febrile illness with no obvious clinical disease. The lack of specific RVF signs during IEP implies that the presence of RVF could only be detected through specific, well-focused, active surveillance. Therefore countries like Zambia wi ...
... infected livestock developed no clinical signs or developed mild febrile illness with no obvious clinical disease. The lack of specific RVF signs during IEP implies that the presence of RVF could only be detected through specific, well-focused, active surveillance. Therefore countries like Zambia wi ...
Mumps (Infectious parotitis)
... Past infection with mumps makes a person immune to mumps; most people born before 1957 most likely have already had mumps. In addition, people who receive two doses of the mumps vaccine are much less likely to be infected. The greatest risk of infection occurs among older children, adolescents, and ...
... Past infection with mumps makes a person immune to mumps; most people born before 1957 most likely have already had mumps. In addition, people who receive two doses of the mumps vaccine are much less likely to be infected. The greatest risk of infection occurs among older children, adolescents, and ...
Using climate to predict infectious disease epidemics
... population over a specified time) may vary depending on the disease and the local context, it should be clearly defined before the modelling process begins. The accuracy of the system should also be measured using standard epidemiological tools that provide an objective overall measure of model “ski ...
... population over a specified time) may vary depending on the disease and the local context, it should be clearly defined before the modelling process begins. The accuracy of the system should also be measured using standard epidemiological tools that provide an objective overall measure of model “ski ...
BLOOD BORNE PATHOGENS - east haven fire department
... – 1 out 20 people in the US will become infected some time during their lives. – Estimated 1.25 million chronically infected Americans. Greater risk if parents born in Southeast Asia, Africa, Amazon Basin of South America, the Pacific Islands or the Middle East. BE SMART ...
... – 1 out 20 people in the US will become infected some time during their lives. – Estimated 1.25 million chronically infected Americans. Greater risk if parents born in Southeast Asia, Africa, Amazon Basin of South America, the Pacific Islands or the Middle East. BE SMART ...
Current and future burden of communicable diseases in the
... sequelae, we will use the pathogen-based DALY approach which links sequelae to their cause of infection (pathogen). Disease burden caused by sequelae is thereby attributed to incident infections. This can be done by taking an incidence and pathogen-based approach, where the incidence of infections i ...
... sequelae, we will use the pathogen-based DALY approach which links sequelae to their cause of infection (pathogen). Disease burden caused by sequelae is thereby attributed to incident infections. This can be done by taking an incidence and pathogen-based approach, where the incidence of infections i ...
Epidemiology of the Plague of Athens
... had actually stopped or had become barely detectable after two years of continuous activity (428 B. C.), only to have restarted again in the winter of 427/426 B. C., and then prevailed for another year thereafter. There can be little doubt, however, that it was prevalent for a very long time. Other ...
... had actually stopped or had become barely detectable after two years of continuous activity (428 B. C.), only to have restarted again in the winter of 427/426 B. C., and then prevailed for another year thereafter. There can be little doubt, however, that it was prevalent for a very long time. Other ...
Experimental aerogenic Burkholderia mallei (glanders) infection in
... to equines in parts of the Middle East, Asia and South America. In humans, it is primarily an occupational disease that affects individuals who have close contact with infected animals, such as veterinarians, grooms and farmers (Sanford, 1995). Infection results primarily from contamination of wound ...
... to equines in parts of the Middle East, Asia and South America. In humans, it is primarily an occupational disease that affects individuals who have close contact with infected animals, such as veterinarians, grooms and farmers (Sanford, 1995). Infection results primarily from contamination of wound ...
chapter 6 - Princeton ISD
... a method of infection prevention in which all blood, body fluids, non-intact skin (like abrasions, pimples, or open sores), and mucous membranes (lining of mouth, nose, eyes, rectum, or genitals) are treated as if they were infected with a disease. ...
... a method of infection prevention in which all blood, body fluids, non-intact skin (like abrasions, pimples, or open sores), and mucous membranes (lining of mouth, nose, eyes, rectum, or genitals) are treated as if they were infected with a disease. ...
MS Word - CL Davis Foundation
... Salmonella arizona; biochemically distinct from paratyphoid Salmonella but cause similar clinical disease and lesions. Paratyphoid salmonellae refers to the motile serotypes (approximately 2400), and does not include S. pullorum and S. gallinarum. ...
... Salmonella arizona; biochemically distinct from paratyphoid Salmonella but cause similar clinical disease and lesions. Paratyphoid salmonellae refers to the motile serotypes (approximately 2400), and does not include S. pullorum and S. gallinarum. ...
Gross Morbid Pathology of Various Avian Species
... Salmonella arizona; biochemically distinct from paratyphoid Salmonella but cause similar clinical disease and lesions. Paratyphoid salmonellae refers to the motile serotypes (approximately 2400), and does not include S. pullorum and S. gallinarum. ...
... Salmonella arizona; biochemically distinct from paratyphoid Salmonella but cause similar clinical disease and lesions. Paratyphoid salmonellae refers to the motile serotypes (approximately 2400), and does not include S. pullorum and S. gallinarum. ...
Monarch butterfly migration and parasite transmission in eastern
... with the hypothesis of migratory escape. Prevalence was also positively related to monarch breeding activity, as indexed by larval density. Among adult monarchs captured at different points along the east coast fall migratory flyway, parasite prevalence declined as monarchs progressed southward, cons ...
... with the hypothesis of migratory escape. Prevalence was also positively related to monarch breeding activity, as indexed by larval density. Among adult monarchs captured at different points along the east coast fall migratory flyway, parasite prevalence declined as monarchs progressed southward, cons ...
Joint effects of habitat, zooplankton, host stage structure and
... amphibian species, including focal hosts, can have both singleseason and multi-season larvae. Delayed metamorphosis requires a permanent water body; pond drying will catalyse larvae to metamorphose. Thus, ephemeral ponds (i.e. those that completely dry up each year) have only single-season larvae wh ...
... amphibian species, including focal hosts, can have both singleseason and multi-season larvae. Delayed metamorphosis requires a permanent water body; pond drying will catalyse larvae to metamorphose. Thus, ephemeral ponds (i.e. those that completely dry up each year) have only single-season larvae wh ...
Granulomatous Lymphadenitis
... noninfectious GLA and infectious GLA. Noninfectious GLA includes sarcoidosis and sarcoid-like reaction. The cause of sarcoidosis remains unknown, but it has good prognosis. Sarcoid-like reaction, which is considered to be a biological defense mechanism, is observed in regional lymph nodes with many ...
... noninfectious GLA and infectious GLA. Noninfectious GLA includes sarcoidosis and sarcoid-like reaction. The cause of sarcoidosis remains unknown, but it has good prognosis. Sarcoid-like reaction, which is considered to be a biological defense mechanism, is observed in regional lymph nodes with many ...
Chagas disease
Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is a tropical parasitic disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. It is spread mostly by insects known as triatominae or kissing bugs. The symptoms change over the course of the infection. In the early stage, symptoms are typically either not present or mild and may include fever, swollen lymph nodes, headaches, or local swelling at the site of the bite. After 8–12 weeks, individuals enter the chronic phase of disease and in 60–70% it never produces further symptoms. The other 30 to 40% of people develop further symptoms 10 to 30 years after the initial infection, including enlargement of the ventricles of the heart in 20 to 30%, leading to heart failure. An enlarged esophagus or an enlarged colon may also occur in 10% of people.T. cruzi is commonly spread to humans and other mammals by the blood-sucking ""kissing bugs"" of the subfamily Triatominae. These insects are known by a number of local names, including: vinchuca in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Paraguay, barbeiro (the barber) in Brazil, pito in Colombia, chinche in Central America, and chipo in Venezuela. The disease may also be spread through blood transfusion, organ transplantation, eating food contaminated with the parasites, and by vertical transmission (from a mother to her fetus). Diagnosis of early disease is by finding the parasite in the blood using a microscope. Chronic disease is diagnosed by finding antibodies for T. cruzi in the blood.Prevention mostly involves eliminating kissing bugs and avoiding their bites. Other preventative efforts include screening blood used for transfusions. A vaccine has not been developed as of 2013. Early infections are treatable with the medication benznidazole or nifurtimox. Medication nearly always results in a cure if given early, but becomes less effective the longer a person has had Chagas disease. When used in chronic disease, medication may delay or prevent the development of end–stage symptoms. Benznidazole and nifurtimox cause temporary side effects in up to 40% of people including skin disorders, brain toxicity, and digestive system irritation.It is estimated that 7 to 8 million people, mostly in Mexico, Central America and South America, have Chagas disease as of 2013. In 2006, Chagas was estimated to result in 12,500 deaths per year. Most people with the disease are poor, and most people with the disease do not realize they are infected. Large-scale population movements have increased the areas where Chagas disease is found and these include many European countries and the United States. These areas have also seen an increase in the years up to 2014. The disease was first described in 1909 by Carlos Chagas after whom it is named. It affects more than 150 other animals.