1 Frequency-dependent selection and the evolution of assortative
... Speciation is more difficult in two-allele models because the two alleles must remain associated with their sub-groups, which is hampered when recombination breaks down linkage disequilibrium between the locus bearing the two alleles and loci responsible for the trait differences between the subgro ...
... Speciation is more difficult in two-allele models because the two alleles must remain associated with their sub-groups, which is hampered when recombination breaks down linkage disequilibrium between the locus bearing the two alleles and loci responsible for the trait differences between the subgro ...
Evolution of body size in Galapagos marine iguanas
... such as body size is difficult because a plethora of other traits influence body size. Here I review what we know about the evolution of body size in a group of island reptiles and try to generalize about the mechanisms that shape body size. Galapagos marine iguanas occupy all 13 larger islands in t ...
... such as body size is difficult because a plethora of other traits influence body size. Here I review what we know about the evolution of body size in a group of island reptiles and try to generalize about the mechanisms that shape body size. Galapagos marine iguanas occupy all 13 larger islands in t ...
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGISTS MEDICAL GUIDELINES FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE
... retarded, absent, or retrograde ejaculation. Premature ...
... retarded, absent, or retrograde ejaculation. Premature ...
How Do Natural Selection and Random Drift
... in which such “forces” can be said to interact. In this paper I explain how natural selection and random drift can interact. In particular, I show how population-level probabilities can be derived from individual-level probabilities, and explain the sense in which natural selection and drift are emb ...
... in which such “forces” can be said to interact. In this paper I explain how natural selection and random drift can interact. In particular, I show how population-level probabilities can be derived from individual-level probabilities, and explain the sense in which natural selection and drift are emb ...
Adolescents are HDEV
... heroes may be ignored. A relative scarcity of successful role models can be a problem, particularly for youth who live in poverty. Identifying too strongly with the dominant culture may also lead to rejection by the minority group. On the other hand, rejecting the dominant culture’s values for those ...
... heroes may be ignored. A relative scarcity of successful role models can be a problem, particularly for youth who live in poverty. Identifying too strongly with the dominant culture may also lead to rejection by the minority group. On the other hand, rejecting the dominant culture’s values for those ...
Journal of Molluscan Studies
... the partner’s physiology. Most of the knowledge on the effects of the glands’ mucus derives from a single well-studied species, Cornu aspersum, in which the mucus increases the male reproductive success of the dart user. However, detailed descriptions on the use of the dart are limited to just a few ...
... the partner’s physiology. Most of the knowledge on the effects of the glands’ mucus derives from a single well-studied species, Cornu aspersum, in which the mucus increases the male reproductive success of the dart user. However, detailed descriptions on the use of the dart are limited to just a few ...
ppt.
... 13.2 Natural selection as the mechanism of evolution The selection of the environmental pressures on the population would choose best adapted organisms to survive and reproduce • Darwin observed: ...
... 13.2 Natural selection as the mechanism of evolution The selection of the environmental pressures on the population would choose best adapted organisms to survive and reproduce • Darwin observed: ...
On reciprocal causation in the evolutionary process
... “The authors work hard to convince the reader that niche construction is a new ‘‘extended theory of evolution’’ that is a ‘‘co-contributor, with natural selection, to the evolutionary process itself’’ (p. 370). This argument is based on the somewhat disingenuous contention that evolutionary biologis ...
... “The authors work hard to convince the reader that niche construction is a new ‘‘extended theory of evolution’’ that is a ‘‘co-contributor, with natural selection, to the evolutionary process itself’’ (p. 370). This argument is based on the somewhat disingenuous contention that evolutionary biologis ...
Mallet (2012) "The struggle..."
... useful first step in understanding population regulation in the simplest organisms or cases, and many general conclusions from logistic models should be true also for more realistic situations. Furthermore, the Lotka-Volterra extension of the logistic to competition is also unrealistic for the same ...
... useful first step in understanding population regulation in the simplest organisms or cases, and many general conclusions from logistic models should be true also for more realistic situations. Furthermore, the Lotka-Volterra extension of the logistic to competition is also unrealistic for the same ...
SEXUAL CONDITIONING IN THE DYEING POISON DART FROG
... While many sexual conditioning studies have been conducted with initially neutral stimuli (e.g. Hollis, 1984) other studies have used CSs that are arguably anything but neutral. Many of the experiments conducted with Japanese quail used a conditional stimulus that mimicked a female quail (Holloway ...
... While many sexual conditioning studies have been conducted with initially neutral stimuli (e.g. Hollis, 1984) other studies have used CSs that are arguably anything but neutral. Many of the experiments conducted with Japanese quail used a conditional stimulus that mimicked a female quail (Holloway ...
Evolution`s Rainbow
... I increasingly wondered why we didn’t already know about nature’s wonderful diversity in gender and sexuality. I came to see the book’s main message as an indictment of academia for suppressing and denying diversity. I now conclude that all our academic disciplines should go back to school, take ref ...
... I increasingly wondered why we didn’t already know about nature’s wonderful diversity in gender and sexuality. I came to see the book’s main message as an indictment of academia for suppressing and denying diversity. I now conclude that all our academic disciplines should go back to school, take ref ...
How do Natural Selection and Random Drift Interact?
... This again gives us transition probabilities which concern changes of frequencies in populations. However, here the transition probabilities are derived partly from fitnesses of individual organisms. It remains true, however, that if the fitnesses are defined in terms of objective, causal probabilit ...
... This again gives us transition probabilities which concern changes of frequencies in populations. However, here the transition probabilities are derived partly from fitnesses of individual organisms. It remains true, however, that if the fitnesses are defined in terms of objective, causal probabilit ...
Power Point Presentation
... 1795 Hutton proposes his theory of gradualism. 1798 Malthus publishes “Essay on the Principle of Population.” 1809 Lamarck publishes his hypothesis of evolution. 1830 Lyell publishes Principles of Geology. 1831–1836 Darwin travels around the world on HMS Beagle. 1837 Darwin begins his notebooks. 184 ...
... 1795 Hutton proposes his theory of gradualism. 1798 Malthus publishes “Essay on the Principle of Population.” 1809 Lamarck publishes his hypothesis of evolution. 1830 Lyell publishes Principles of Geology. 1831–1836 Darwin travels around the world on HMS Beagle. 1837 Darwin begins his notebooks. 184 ...
The Frontal Bone as a Proxy for Sex Estimation in Humans: A
... concern, Giles and Elliot (1963) developed a set of multivariate discriminant functions from 11 cranial measurements of black and white skulls to determine the probability that an individual skull would be classified as male or female. Resulting accuracy rates ranged between 82% and 89% within a kno ...
... concern, Giles and Elliot (1963) developed a set of multivariate discriminant functions from 11 cranial measurements of black and white skulls to determine the probability that an individual skull would be classified as male or female. Resulting accuracy rates ranged between 82% and 89% within a kno ...
reports - WordPress.com
... of injurious variations, “Darwin writes, “I call Natural Selection.” These variations result from the struggle for existence, and Darwin notes the accumulative effect over time and how this affects human perception: It may be said that natural selection is daily and hourly scrutinising, throughout t ...
... of injurious variations, “Darwin writes, “I call Natural Selection.” These variations result from the struggle for existence, and Darwin notes the accumulative effect over time and how this affects human perception: It may be said that natural selection is daily and hourly scrutinising, throughout t ...
Title: Co-evolution, conflict and complexity: What have we learned
... when I see it.” Though facetious, this is a reasonable description of the current state of the field. But why should this be so? Part of the problem is that defining care can be difficult. – parental care is perhaps better considered a concept than a phenotype that is easily measured – and can take ...
... when I see it.” Though facetious, this is a reasonable description of the current state of the field. But why should this be so? Part of the problem is that defining care can be difficult. – parental care is perhaps better considered a concept than a phenotype that is easily measured – and can take ...
Intergroup bias toward “Group X”
... range of sexual functioning. Storms’ (1980) twodimensional model of sexual orientation includes asexual as one of four sexual orientation categories, with asexuals scoring low on both heterosexual and homosexual attraction/fantasy. In a national probability study, Bogaert (2004, p. 281) found that 1 ...
... range of sexual functioning. Storms’ (1980) twodimensional model of sexual orientation includes asexual as one of four sexual orientation categories, with asexuals scoring low on both heterosexual and homosexual attraction/fantasy. In a national probability study, Bogaert (2004, p. 281) found that 1 ...
Standard PDF - Wiley Online Library
... In reproductive systems where females and males form distinct socially persistent breeding pairs and provide substantial biparental care to dependent offspring, one key component of an individual’s overall expression of inbreeding is its coefficient of kinship (k) with the mate with which it forms s ...
... In reproductive systems where females and males form distinct socially persistent breeding pairs and provide substantial biparental care to dependent offspring, one key component of an individual’s overall expression of inbreeding is its coefficient of kinship (k) with the mate with which it forms s ...
1 to appear in R. Singh, D. Paul, C. Krimbas, and J. Beatty (eds
... the more recent paper, they “turn critics.” Should fitness be defined in terms of a one-generation time frame -- why focus on expected number of offspring, rather than grandoffspring, or more distant descendants still? And is the concept of mathematical expectation the right one to use? The details ...
... the more recent paper, they “turn critics.” Should fitness be defined in terms of a one-generation time frame -- why focus on expected number of offspring, rather than grandoffspring, or more distant descendants still? And is the concept of mathematical expectation the right one to use? The details ...
Changing views on melanic moths
... reversed with environmental amelioration. Moderate pollution had a lesser effect on fitness, resulting in less extreme reversal and little or no change in tree surface. As a working hypothesis, we may suggest that increase in melanic frequency was a consequence of 19th century industrial foci of ver ...
... reversed with environmental amelioration. Moderate pollution had a lesser effect on fitness, resulting in less extreme reversal and little or no change in tree surface. As a working hypothesis, we may suggest that increase in melanic frequency was a consequence of 19th century industrial foci of ver ...
Sex-specific growth and effects of hatching condition in the reversed
... Increased environmental sensitivity of the larger sex has been reported in several sizedimorphic vertebrate species. It is generally assumed that this is due to a higher energy demand of the larger sex, thus increasing susceptibility to food shortage. However, sexspecific growth rates might act to r ...
... Increased environmental sensitivity of the larger sex has been reported in several sizedimorphic vertebrate species. It is generally assumed that this is due to a higher energy demand of the larger sex, thus increasing susceptibility to food shortage. However, sexspecific growth rates might act to r ...
Deconstructing Sexual Harassment
... could not understand. MacKinnon chose to ignore the fact that many of the working class women who experienced the harassment—Michelle Vinson not among them—had developed ways of coping with their male co-workers and superiors and were not inclined to view the problem as a problem. “You have to, uh, ...
... could not understand. MacKinnon chose to ignore the fact that many of the working class women who experienced the harassment—Michelle Vinson not among them—had developed ways of coping with their male co-workers and superiors and were not inclined to view the problem as a problem. “You have to, uh, ...
Evolution of body size in Galapagos marine iguanas
... such as body size is difficult because a plethora of other traits influence body size. Here I review what we know about the evolution of body size in a group of island reptiles and try to generalize about the mechanisms that shape body size. Galapagos marine iguanas occupy all 13 larger islands in t ...
... such as body size is difficult because a plethora of other traits influence body size. Here I review what we know about the evolution of body size in a group of island reptiles and try to generalize about the mechanisms that shape body size. Galapagos marine iguanas occupy all 13 larger islands in t ...
Double Alterity and the Global Historiography of Sexuality: China
... organization. But if one reads the chapters in Gay Life and Culture carefully, one soon realizes that certain underlying methodological assumptions actually unite, rather than differentiate, the two books. Both books essentially approach the global history of sexuality in a way that takes as its poi ...
... organization. But if one reads the chapters in Gay Life and Culture carefully, one soon realizes that certain underlying methodological assumptions actually unite, rather than differentiate, the two books. Both books essentially approach the global history of sexuality in a way that takes as its poi ...
perceptions on the role of peer pressure in increasing hiv related
... academic success, drug and substance use, and gender role conformity. He further declares that the level of peer influence increases with age, and resistance to peer influence often declines as the child gains independence from the family or caretakers, yet has not fully formed an autonomous identit ...
... academic success, drug and substance use, and gender role conformity. He further declares that the level of peer influence increases with age, and resistance to peer influence often declines as the child gains independence from the family or caretakers, yet has not fully formed an autonomous identit ...
Sexual selection
Sexual selection is a mode of natural selection where typically members of one gender choose mates of the other gender to mate with, called intersexual selection, and where females normally do the choosing, and competition between members of the same gender to sexually reproduce with members of the opposite sex, called intrasexual selection. These two forms of selection mean that some individuals have better reproductive success than others within a population either from being sexier or preferring sexier partners to produce offspring. For instance in the breeding season sexual selection in frogs occurs with the males first gathering at the water's edge and croaking. The females then arrive and choose the males with the deepest croaks and best territories. Generalizing, males benefit from frequent mating and monopolizing access to a group of fertile females. Females have a limited number of offspring they can have and they maximize the return on the energy they invest in reproduction.First articulated by Charles Darwin who described it as driving speciation and that many organisms had evolved features whose function was deleterious to their individual survival, and then developed by Ronald Fisher in the early 20th century. Sexual selection can lead typically males to extreme efforts to demonstrate their fitness to be chosen by females, producing secondary sexual characteristics, such as ornate bird tails like the peacock plumage, or the antlers of deer, or the manes of lions, caused by a positive feedback mechanism known as a Fisherian runaway, where the passing on of the desire for a trait in one sex is as important as having the trait in the other sex in producing the runaway effect. Although the sexy son hypothesis indicates that females would prefer male sons, Fisher's principle explains why the sex ratio is 1:1 almost without exception. Sexual selection is also found in plants and fungi.The maintenance of sexual reproduction in a highly competitive world has long been one of the major mysteries of biology given that asexual reproduction can reproduce much more quickly as 50% of offspring are not males, unable to produce offspring themselves. However, research published in 2015 indicates that sexual selection can explain the persistence of sexual reproduction.